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Chapter 3 Biological Molecules.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 3 Biological Molecules."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 3 Biological Molecules

2 Carbon can bond with ____ atom(s).
1 2 3 4 Question: 3-1 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.1 Skill: Factual Notes: This question serves both as a review from the last chapter and a link to this chapter. Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell, so it can share up to four more electrons or form up to four covalent bonds. This question prepares students for the next question.

3 Carbon can bond with ____ atom(s).
1 2 3 4 Question: 3-1 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.1 Skill: Factual Notes: This question serves both as a review from the last chapter and a link to this chapter. Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell, so it can share up to four more electrons or form up to four covalent bonds. This question prepares students for the next question.

4 It enables the synthesis of inorganic molecules.
Carbon’s ability to bond with up to four other atoms is significant because: It enables the synthesis of inorganic molecules. It allows for the formation of long chains and rings. All biological molecules have four covalent bonds. It leads to the creation of large monomers from smaller polymers. Question: 3-2 Answer: 1 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.1 Skill: Conceptual Notes: Carbon is the basis of organic molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. This property allows the formation of complex structures such as chains, branches, and rings. This provides for a great diversity of molecular shapes and biological molecules. This concept is important as an introduction to the synthesis (dehydration synthesis) and breakdown (hydrolysis) of organic molecules. The goal of this question is to get students thinking about why carbon’s structure makes it so important in biological molecules.

5 It enables the synthesis of inorganic molecules.
Carbon’s ability to bond with up to four other atoms is significant because: It enables the synthesis of inorganic molecules. It allows for the formation of long chains and rings. All biological molecules have four covalent bonds. It leads to the creation of large monomers from smaller polymers. Question: 3-2 Answer: 1 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.1 Skill: Conceptual Notes: Carbon is the basis of organic molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. This property allows the formation of complex structures such as chains, branches, and rings. This provides for a great diversity of molecular shapes and biological molecules. This concept is important as an introduction to the synthesis (dehydration synthesis) and breakdown (hydrolysis) of organic molecules. The goal of this question is to get students thinking about why carbon’s structure makes it so important in biological molecules.

6 What molecule is removed during dehydration synthesis?
Carboxyl Methyl Phosphate Water Question: 3-3 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.2 Skill: Factual Notes: This is a good link to both the properties of water presented in the last chapter, and to the importance of water in the synthesis/breakdown of organic molecules.

7 What molecule is removed during dehydration synthesis?
Carboxyl Methyl Phosphate Water Question: 3-3 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.2 Skill: Factual Notes: This is a good link to both the properties of water presented in the last chapter, and to the importance of water in the synthesis/breakdown of organic molecules.

8 Why is it so hard for most animals to break down cellulose?
The lipid monomers of this polymer are connected by bonds with unique orientations. It must be eaten with large amounts of fiber. Most animals lack the enzymes that break the bonds between the glucose molecules of this polymer. The high pH of cellulose denatures the digestive enzymes of most animals. Question: 3-4 Answer: 3 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.3 Skill: Conceptual Notes: This question will get students thinking about the concept that energy is held in bonds.

9 Why is it so hard for most animals to break down cellulose?
The lipid monomers of this polymer are connected by bonds with unique orientations. It must be eaten with large amounts of fiber. Most animals lack the enzymes that break the bonds between the glucose molecules of this polymer. The high pH of cellulose denatures the digestive enzymes of most animals. Question: 3-4 Answer: 3 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.3 Skill: Conceptual Notes: This question will get students thinking about the concept that energy is held in bonds.

10 Phosphate-containing functional group
Chitin differs from another long chain polysaccharide, cellulose, in that the former has what unique functional group? Phosphate-containing functional group Nitrogen-containing functional group Sulfur-containing functional group Carboxylic-containing functional group Question: 3-5 Answer: 2 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Factual Notes: This question shows how a long-chain molecule can be very similar to another in most of its components, but variation in a single functional group can have very significant effects on how the molecule may be used by organisms. Both chitin and cellulose are long chains of glucose molecules, but chitin, with a nitrogen group, is used in exoskeletons of arthropods, while cellulose, lacking the nitrogen group, is a major component of plants.

11 Phosphate-containing functional group
Chitin differs from another long chain polysaccharide, cellulose, in that the former has what unique functional group? Phosphate-containing functional group Nitrogen-containing functional group Sulfur-containing functional group Carboxylic-containing functional group Question: 3-5 Answer: 2 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Factual Notes: This question shows how a long-chain molecule can be very similar to another in most of its components, but variation in a single functional group can have very significant effects on how the molecule may be used by organisms. Both chitin and cellulose are long chains of glucose molecules, but chitin, with a nitrogen group, is used in exoskeletons of arthropods, while cellulose, lacking the nitrogen group, is a major component of plants.

12 Which is NOT a type of lipid?
Triglyceride Wax Oil Peptide Question: 3-6 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Factual Notes: The first three choices are types of fats, while choice 4 is a molecule that is composed of two or more amino acids connected by a peptide bond and is, therefore, not a lipid.

13 Which is NOT a type of lipid?
Triglyceride Wax Oil Peptide Question: 3-6 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Factual Notes: The first three choices are types of fats, while choice 4 is a molecule that is composed of two or more amino acids connected by a peptide bond and is, therefore, not a lipid.

14 Carbohydrates, because they are an immediate source of energy
If you were going on a long trip and could take along only 10 pounds of food, it would be best to select food from which group? Carbohydrates, because they are an immediate source of energy Fats, because they contain more energy per gram Proteins, because they have a wide variety of functions Nucleic acids, because they contain the instructions for making proteins Question: 3-7 Answer: 2 Diff: Hard Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Application Notes: Although all of the statements (in the answer portion) are true, the students must chose the one that best applies to the situation. The fats would be most beneficial because they hold the most Calories per gram. A discussion of all the responses can be particularly helpful to students understanding of the different molecules discussed in the chapter.

15 Carbohydrates, because they are an immediate source of energy
If you were going on a long trip and could take along only 10 pounds of food, it would be best to select food from which group? Carbohydrates, because they are an immediate source of energy Fats, because they contain more energy per gram Proteins, because they have a wide variety of functions Nucleic acids, because they contain the instructions for making proteins Question: 3-7 Answer: 2 Diff: Hard Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Application Notes: Although all of the statements (in the answer portion) are true, the students must chose the one that best applies to the situation. The fats would be most beneficial because they hold the most Calories per gram. A discussion of all the responses can be particularly helpful to students understanding of the different molecules discussed in the chapter.

16 Variable functional group Deoxyribose sugar
Besides three fatty acids, a triglyceride molecule also has what other chemical group? Glycerol Phosphate Variable functional group Deoxyribose sugar Question: 3-8 Answer: 1 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Application Notes: Triglycerides are one group of lipids and are composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. Triglycerildes are formed by dehydration synthesis, which liberates three water molecules.

17 Variable functional group Deoxyribose sugar
Besides three fatty acids, a triglyceride molecule also has what other chemical group? Glycerol Phosphate Variable functional group Deoxyribose sugar Question: 3-8 Answer: 1 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.4 Skill: Application Notes: Triglycerides are one group of lipids and are composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. Triglycerildes are formed by dehydration synthesis, which liberates three water molecules.

18 Which functional group makes each amino acid different in structure?
Carboxyl Amino Hydroxyl R Question: 3-9 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.5 Skill: Factual Notes: This is an important point that a lot of students seem to miss regarding amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon bonded to four functional groups: hydrogen group, amino group, carboxyl group, and the variable R group. This question emphasizes the parts of the amino acid that are always the same, whereas the R group is different.

19 Which functional group makes each amino acid different in structure?
Carboxyl Amino Hydroxyl R Question: 3-9 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.5 Skill: Factual Notes: This is an important point that a lot of students seem to miss regarding amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon bonded to four functional groups: hydrogen group, amino group, carboxyl group, and the variable R group. This question emphasizes the parts of the amino acid that are always the same, whereas the R group is different.

20 A peptide bond forms between which two functional groups?
Hydroxyl and amino Hydroxyl and carboxyl Hydroxyl and methyl Carboxyl and amino Question: 3-10 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.5 Skill: Factual Notes: This is another concept that students seem to miss. This question emphasizes that the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups used in the formation of a peptide bond come from specific parts of each amino acid.

21 A peptide bond forms between which two functional groups?
Hydroxyl and amino Hydroxyl and carboxyl Hydroxyl and methyl Carboxyl and amino Question: 3-10 Answer: 4 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.5 Skill: Factual Notes: This is another concept that students seem to miss. This question emphasizes that the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups used in the formation of a peptide bond come from specific parts of each amino acid.

22 Why would changing the shape of a protein change its function?
Like a key (protein) and lock (function), if you change the shape of the key, it can no longer open the lock. Change in shape leads to more hydrophobic interactions. It wouldn’t; as long as the primary structure is intact, the function won’t change. Shape change will lead to a different amino acid sequence. Question: 3-11 Answer: 1 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.5 Skill: Conceptual Notes: This question will prepare students for Chapter 6 and emphasizes molecular structure as well. The question emphasizes the relationship between form and function.

23 Why would changing the shape of a protein change its function?
Like a key (protein) and lock (function), if you change the shape of the key, it can no longer open the lock. Change in shape leads to more hydrophobic interactions. It wouldn’t; as long as the primary structure is intact, the function won’t change. Shape change will lead to a different amino acid sequence. Question: 3-11 Answer: 1 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.5 Skill: Conceptual Notes: This question will prepare students for Chapter 6 and emphasizes molecular structure as well. The question emphasizes the relationship between form and function.

24 Which nitrogen-containing base is not found in DNA?
Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine Question: 3-12 Answer: 2 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.6 Skill: Factual Notes: This question will prepare them for a later chapter by looking at the differences between the molecular structures of DNA and RNA.

25 Which nitrogen-containing base is not found in DNA?
Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine Question: 3-12 Answer: 2 Diff: Easy Text Ref: Section 3.6 Skill: Factual Notes: This question will prepare them for a later chapter by looking at the differences between the molecular structures of DNA and RNA.

26 ATP and DNA are different because:
ATP is made of enzymes and DNA is made of RNA. ATP is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. ATP is a stable molecule and DNA is an unstable molecule. ATP is a nucleotide monomer and DNA is a nucleic acid polymer. Question: 3-13 Answer: 4 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.6 Skill: Conceptual Notes: This question will emphasize the difference between the monomer and polymer forms of nucleic acids. Also, it will prepare students for discussions of ATP in Chapter 5.

27 ATP and DNA are different because:
ATP is made of enzymes and DNA is made of RNA. ATP is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. ATP is a stable molecule and DNA is an unstable molecule. ATP is a nucleotide monomer and DNA is a nucleic acid polymer. Question: 3-13 Answer: 4 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.6 Skill: Conceptual Notes: This question will emphasize the difference between the monomer and polymer forms of nucleic acids. Also, it will prepare students for discussions of ATP in Chapter 5.

28 Which part of the DNA nucleotide below is different from the analogous nucleotide in RNA?
Phosphate Sugar Base Bonding Question: 3-14 Answer: 2 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.6 Skill: Conceptual Notes: Both DNA and RNA have the nucleotide adenine; however, the type of sugar is different in the two molecules. DNA has a deoxyribose sugar and RNA has a ribose sugar Figure 3-22

29 Which part of the DNA nucleotide below is different from the analogous nucleotide in RNA?
Phosphate Sugar Base Bonding Question: 3-14 Answer: 2 Diff: Moderate Text Ref: Section 3.6 Skill: Conceptual Notes: Both DNA and RNA have the nucleotide adenine; however, the type of sugar is different in the two molecules. DNA has a deoxyribose sugar and RNA has a ribose sugar Figure 3-22

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