1. Introduction to Nursing
TOPIC 1: Introduction to Nursing
Learning Goal C: Identify the systems of a healthy body
HLT33115 Unit: HLTAAP001 - Recognise healthy body systems
Related Assessment: Task C

2. Recap -

3. Immune System
Immune System - is the body’s defence mechanism against infectious pathological viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

4. Immune System
Organs: Bones (bone marrow), Lymph nodes, Spleen, Peyer’s Patch, Tonsils, Thymus, Skin (Integumentary system)
Tissue: Epithelial Cells
Cells: Epithelial cells, Leukocytes
Molecules: Fatty acids, acids,

5. Immune System
Bones (bone marrow) – Makes B-Cells lymphocyte (leucocyte) for the acquired immune system
Lymph nodes – collection of lymphocytes and macrophages around that collect dead cells and pathogens in the lymph tissue
Spleen – organ that filters the blood of all old and dying red blood cells, stores platelets to be released into the blood as a result of blood loss, contains lymphocytes and macrophage to attack infections in the blood.
Peyer’s Patch – Lymphatic tissue in the small intestines full of lymphocytes to kill pathogens that enter the small intestines
Tonsils – (2 lingual, 2 palatine and 1 pharyngeal) contain lymphocytes to kill and capture inhaled or ingested substances.
Thymus – Produces and trains T cells during foetal development and childhood
Skin (Integumentary system) - acts as a barrier to stop pathogens entering our body.

6. External Defences
Coverings and linings i.e. skin (integumentary system
Chemical barriers (i.e. stomach lining)
Internal Defences
Fever - raise the normal temperature outside of its normal range
Inflammation
Leukocytes (white blood cells) -
Innate immunity
Adaptive Specific immunity

7. Key points:
Detect, Deflect and Destroy
Innate Immune System
External: Physical Barrier - skin, epithelial cells and mucosal layers)
Internal - Fever, Chemical Signals and inflammation
Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
Natural Killer Cells (Kill own cells)
Process of innate immune system::
Redness, swelling, heat, pain
Swelling
Phagocytosis and
Nursing Assessment:
Temperature,
Wound assessment

8. Key points:
Detect, Deflect and Destroy
Acquired Immune System
Humoral Immunity - antibodies - detect antigens
Cell Immunity (B cells and T Cells)
Nursing Assessment
Urinalysis
Pathology Blood Test

9. A healthy immune system therefore should include
skin intact - not red, hot, painful or swollen
gastrointestinal tract functioning well - producing mucosa
no presence of infection within our internal systems i.e.
UA-NAD for Leukocytes in urine
Temperature remains between C
No diarrhoea
Lungs clear – nil yellow phlegm

10. If infection present - normal immune response should occur:
Innate Immune response - red, hot swelling, painful (may involve low grade-fever C).
(NB: If fever and infection continues for long periods of time this can become abnormal and can cause issues).
Acquire Immune Response – Immunity - should be quick if they have come across the pathogen before.

11. So What. Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions
So What? Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions. Please note these are not exact definitions but provide a general understanding.
A healthy immune system
A healthy immune system therefore should include
skin intact - not red, hot, painful or swollen
gastrointestinal tract functioning well - producing mucus
no presence of infection within our internal systems i.e.
UA-NAD for Leukocytes in urine
Temperature remains between C
No diarrhoea
Lungs clear – nil yellow phlegm
Nursing Observations:
Skin assessment
Wound assessment
Temperature
Urinalysis
Stool Sample
Sputum Sample
Immune system – is the body’s defence mechanism against infectious pathological viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
Organs: Bones (bone marrow), Lymph nodes, Spleen, Peyer’s Patch, Tonsils, Thymus, Skin (Integumentary system)
Tissue: Epithelial Cells
Cells: Epithelial cells, Leukocytes
Key Terms
External Defences
Coverings and linings i.e. skin (integumentary system
Chemical barriers (i.e. stomach lining)
Internal Defences
Fever - raise the normal temperature outside of its normal range
Inflammation
Leukocytes (white blood cells) –
Innate Leukocyte Defence
Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
Natural Killer Cells (Kill own cells)
Acquired Leukocyte Defence
1) Humoral Immunity - antibodies - detect antigens
2) Cell Immunity (B cells lymphocyte and T Cell lymphocyte)
Bones (bone marrow) – Makes B-Cells lymphocyte (leucocyte) for the acquired immune system
Lymph nodes – collection of lymphocytes and macrophages around that collect dead cells and pathogens in the lymph tissue
Spleen – organ that filters the blood of all old and dying red blood cells, stores platelets to be released into the blood as a result of blood loss, contains lymphocytes and macrophage to attack infections in the blood.
Peyer’s Patch – Lymphatic tissue in the small intestines full of lymphocytes to kill pathogens that enter the small intestines
Tonsils – (2 lingual, 2 palatine and 1 pharyngeal) contain lymphocytes to kill and capture inhaled or ingested substances.
Thymus – Produces and trains T cells during foetal development and childhood
Skin (Integumentary system) - acts as a barrier to stop pathogens entering our body.