1. Church Reform and The Crusades
Chapter 14 Sec 1
Church Reform and The Crusades

2. Simony
A practice in the Middle Ages of selling church offices to highest bidder.
In other words you could buy your way into the church. Want to be appointed a bishop? The king would ask what’s in it for me?
This one reason the Catholic Church was corrupted in the Middle Ages.
Want to be a monk? You would be expected to contribute something of value to be taken in by most monasteries – like a piece of land.

3. Gothic
Refers to a style of Catholic Church and architectural style of the 12th century in Europe.

4. Notre Dame Cathedral

5. Stained Glass Windows

6. Inside a Castle’s Great Hall (notice the size of the windows)

7. Gothic Characteristics
Elaborate sculpture – ex: Gargoyles!
Stained Glass
Ribbed Vaulted Ceilings.
Flying Buttresses

8. The Gargoyles
Gargoyles kept away evil spirits and served to channel water off the roof and away from the walls.

9. Age of Faith Another term often used to describe the Middle Ages.
Age of Faith is used due to the power of religion (Christianity) in the daily lives of all people.
The church (a term used to describe the Roman Catholic Church) was extremely powerful – MORE powerful than the kings.

10. Urban II A Pope who called for the 1st Crusade in 1096 A.D.
The First Crusade is considered the most successful Crusade because it actually conquered Jerusalem.

11. Crusade* *A passionate pursuit in support of a cause.
THE Crusades refer to the series of wars fought from 1096 until about 1250 A.D. by Christian European powers against Muslim Middle Eastern powers.

12. Saladin The most well known of the Muslim leaders.
Took Jerusalem in 1187.
Fought against the Christians, specifically King Richard I (the Lion Heart) in the 3rd Crusade.

13. Richard the Lion Hearted
King Richard I of England.
Went on the 3rd Crusade in 1190 to retake Jerusalem.
Fought Saladin to a truce and signed a treaty allowing Christian pilgrims to enter the city (Jerusalem) in 1192.

14. The Reconquista “the Re-Conquering” of Spain by the Christians.
The Iberian Peninsula (Modern Spain & Portugal).
Lasted from the end of the battle of Tours (732) until 1492 when the last Muslim stronghold (Granada) was defeated.

15. The Inquisition
THE Inquisition refers to a religious court that King Ferdinand and Queen Isabelle used to exile or murder any remaining “heretics” (non-believers) out of Spain and unify their Kingdom under Christianity.
The term inquisition has come to mean any “purge” or “cleansing” of thought (Imp b/c this is one reason we have freedom of speech today – b/c how would you like to be put in jail for what you are thinking? – be careful b/c some people are in favor of this insanity TODAY!

16. Holy Land? Palestine/Israel with Jerusalem as the Key Holy City

17. 3. Three main causes for Church reform?
Corruption: Priest were getting married and breaking many other church laws.
Some clergy were illiterate!
Simony (selling of Church offices) rewarded greed and not merit. 
Lay Investiture made bishops under the control of the kings.

18. 4. Which Crusade was the only successful one?
The 1st Crusade – b/c it actually achieved its goal and conquered Jerusalem.

19. 5. How did the goals of the Crusades change over the years?
Religious fervor or enthusiasm gave way to personal greed for power and economic gain ($$).
VS.

20. 6. Which represents the Age of Faith Best?
Church Reform B/C it banned lay investiture, simony, and tried to change corrupt practices.
The Crusades… B/C people were willing to die for their beliefs.
Gothic Churches… B/C they were very expensive and many people had to sacrifice quality of life to give money to the church.

21. 7. What evidence supports the idea that the Church functioned like a kingdom?
The Pope acted much like a king with his own court that met with heads of state (kings & diplomats), as well as made laws and collected taxes ($$ = power).

22. Add #8. How did the Crusades change the history of Europe?
The Crusades had many effects:
The Crusades were a loss for the Church and showed people that perhaps their intentions were not “God’s Will.” This weakened the power of the Church.
The Kings increased in power by getting rid of nobles who went on Crusade and appropriating their lands when they did not return (becoming more centralized).
TRADE increased causing a growth of TOWNS and Cities. The Crusaders brought back many luxuries (like Pepper) that caused people to want more – making trade with the middle east very profitable.
TODAY much of the tension between Christians, Muslims, and Jews can be traced in part to the Crusades and the atrocities that were committed.