1. MS, Age, and Immune Function

2. Immunosenescence Thymic Involution

3. Immunosenescence Natural Aging of the Immune System

4. Immunosenescence Response to Pathogens

5. Immunosenescence and MS

6. Incidence of Herpes Zoster Across Different DMTs in Patients With MS

7. Immunosenescence Risk of Infection Increases With Age

8. Impact of Age in MS

9. Patients With MS Seen in Practice Differ From Patients in Clinical Trials

10. Window of Therapeutic Efficacy in MS Is It Relevant?

11. Role of Inflammation

12. Brain Aging in the General Population WMH Increases With Age

13. Brain Aging in the General Population BVL Increases With Age

14. MS Treatment Strategies Maintenance vs IRT

15. MS Treatment Strategies Treat-2-Target NEDA Algorithm

16. Treatment Implications When Considering Age Maintenance vs IRT

17. Vascular Comorbidity Accelerates Disability Progression in MS

18. Monitoring Immunosenescence

19. Concluding Remarks

20. Abbreviations

21. Abbreviations (cont)