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2. INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES Instructor: Engr.Muhammad Zulfiqar Education: MS. (Mechanical ) : National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad. BS. (Mechanical) : HITEC University Taxila.

3. 7/31/20193 Quizzes/Assignments 20% One Hour Test 30% Project Presentation 10% Final Examination 40% Grading Policy

4. 7/31/20194 internal_combustion_engines_ fundamentals by heywood. Internal_Combustion_Engines_(Applied_Thermosciences 2e by Colin_R._Ferguson_&_Allan_T._Kirkpatrick- Reference Books

6. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

7. HISTORY OF ICE JJ LENOIR (1860) PIONEER OF IC ENGINE NICOLAUS OTTO & EUGENE LANGEN(1876) SI ENGINES RUDOLF DIESEL(1897) CI ENGINES

8. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft. Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine. This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine.

9. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output of the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES VARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINES

11. ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

12. CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 1.Application 2.Basic Engine Design 3.Working Cycle 4.Fuel 5.Mixture Preparation 6.Ignition 7.Combustion Chamber Design 8.Method of Load Control 9.Cooling

13. Application 1.Automotive: Car, Truck/Bus, Off-highway 2.Locomotive 3.Light Aircraft 4.Marine: Outboard, Inboard, Ship 5. Power Generation: Portable (Domestic), Fixed 6. Agricultural: Tractors, Pump sets 7. Earthmoving: Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Equipment 8.Home Use: Lawnmowers, Snow blowers, Tools 9.Others

14. Basic Engine Design 1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder (I) In-line (ii) V (iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston 2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor (b) Multi-rotor

15. Types of Reciprocating Engines

16. V Engine

17. Working Cycle (Strokes) 1.Four Stroke Cycle a. Naturally Aspirated b. Supercharged/Turbocharged 2.Two Stroke Cycle: a. Crankcase Scavenged b. Uniflow Scavenged

18. Fuel 1. Conventional: a. Crude oil derived : Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene b. Other sources: Coal, Wood (includes bio-mass), Tar Sands, Shale 2. Alternate: a. Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG b. Bio-mass Derived: Alcohols (methyl and ethyl), Vegetable oils, Producer gas and biogas, Hydrogen 3. Blending 4. Multi-Fuel Engines

19. Mixture Preparation 1.Carburetion 2.Fuel Injection(i) Diesel (ii) Gasoline (a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder

20. Ignition 1.Spark Ignition (a) Conventional (i)Battery (ii)Magneto (b) Other methods 2.Compression Ignition

21. Combustion Chamber Design 1. Open Chamber: Disc type, Wedge, Hemispherical Bowl-in-piston 2.Divided Chamber: For CI: Swirl chamber, Pre-chamber For SI: Compound vortex controlled combustion (CVCC)

22. Method of Load Control 1.Throttling: To control mixture strength. Also called Charge Control. Used in Carbureted S.I. Engines 2.Fuel Control: To vary the mixture strength according to load. Used in the C.I. Engine 3. Combination. Used in Throttle body Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.

23. Cooling 1.Direct Air-cooling 2.Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling) 3.Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

24. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

27. ENGINE PARTS

29. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

31. SI ENGINES

32. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES BASIC FUNCTIONRECIPROCATING ENGINES

33. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Advantages MECHANICAL SIMPLICITY IMPROVED THERMAL EFFICIENCY DON’T NEED AUXILLARY EQUIPMENT SHORT START AND STOP TIME LOW INITIAL COST EFFICENT PERFORMANCE Disadvantages FUEL COST WORKING FLUID ONLY LIQUID OR GASEOUS AT GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS VIBRATION PROBLEMS

34. ENGINE COMPONENTS

35. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

36. CRANK SHAFT

37. CYLINDER BLOCK

38. PISTONS

39. CONNECTING RODS

40. CAM SHAFTS

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