1. Romans
Chapter 1, 2

2. In his epistle to the Romans, Paul set forth the great principles of the gospel. He stated his position on the questions which were agitating the Jewish and the Gentile churches, and showed that the hopes and promises which had once belonged especially to the Jews were now offered to the Gentiles also. (AA 373.2)

3. With great clearness and power the apostle presented the doctrine of justification by faith in Christ. He hoped that other churches also might be helped by the instruction sent to the Christians at Rome; but how dimly could he foresee the far-reaching influence of his words! Through all the ages the great truth of justification by faith has stood as a mighty beacon to guide repentant sinners into the way of life. It was this light that scattered the darkness which enveloped Luther’s mind and revealed to him the power of the blood of Christ to cleanse from sin. The same light has guided thousands of sin-burdened souls to the true Source of pardon and peace. For the epistle to the church at Rome, every Christian has reason to thank God.
(AA 373.3)

4. Martin Luther

5. This letter is truly the most important piece in the New Testament
This letter is truly the most important piece in the New Testament. It is purest gospel. It is well worth a Christian’s while not only to memorize it word for word but also to occupy himself with it daily, as though it were the daily bread of the soul. It is impossible to read or to meditate on this letter too much or too well. (Martin Luther, “Preface” to his commentary on the book of Romans).

6. Law

7. Outwardly you can try to keep the law with works but in the depths of your heart, you are an enemy of the law because your heart is not desiring to keep the law.

8. It is one thing to do the works of the law and quite another to fulfill it, but to fulfill the law means to do its work eagerly, lovingly and freely. It means to live in a manner pleasing to God, as though there were no law or punishment.

9. Sin

10. Luther: Sin in the Scriptures is expressed by those evil external works of the body and those movements within us which bestir themselves and move us to do the them, namely, the depth of the heart with all its powers. No external work of sin happens unless a person commits himself to it completely, body and soul. In particular, the Scriptures see into the heart, to the root and main source of all sin—unbelief in the depth of the heart. Thus, even as faith makes just and brings the Spirit and the desire to do good external works, so it is unbelief which exalts the flesh and brings desire to do evil external works.

11. Luther: That is why unbelief is called sin by Christ, as he says in John, chapter 16, “The Spirit will punish the world because of sin, because it does not believe in me [v. 8].” Furthermore, before good or bad works happen, which are the good or bad fruits of the heart, there has to be present in the heart either faith or unbelief, the root, sap and chief power of all sin.

12. Faith

13. Luther: Faith is a work of God in us, which changes us and brings us to birth anew from God. It kills the old Adam, makes us completely different people in heart, mind, senses, and all our powers, and brings the Holy Spirit with it. What a living, creative, active powerful thing is faith! It is impossible that faith ever stops doing good. Faith doesn’t ask whether good works are to be done, but, before it is asked, it has done them. It is always active.

14. Luther: Faith is a living, unshakeable confidence in God’s grace; it is so certain, that someone would die a thousand times for it. This kind of trust in and knowledge of God’s grace makes a person joyful, confident, and happy with regard to God and to all creatures. Through faith, a person will do good to everyone without coercion, willingly and happily; he will serve everyone, suffer everything for the love and praise of God, who has shown him such grace. It is as impossible to separate works from faith as as it is impossible to separate burning and shining from fire.

15. Justice

16. Luther: Justice is just such a faith
Luther: Justice is just such a faith. It influences a person to give to everyone what he owes him. He serves people willingly with the means available to him. In this way he pays everyone his due. Neither nature nor free will nor our own powers can bring about such a justice, for even as no one can give himself faith, so, too, he cannot remove unbelief.

17. A person is “flesh” who, inwardly and outwardly, lives only to do those things which are of use to the flesh and to temporal existence. A person is “spirit” who, inwardly and outwardly, lives only to do those things which are of use to the spirit and to the life to come.

18. Justification

19. Luther: Next Paul teaches the right way to be virtuous and to be saved; he says all are sinners, unable to glory in God. They must, however, be justified through faith in Christ, who has merited this for us by his blood and has become for us a mercy seat in the presence of God, who forgives us all our previous sins. In so doing, God proves that it is his justice alone, which he gives through faith, that helps us, the justice which was at the appointed time revealed through the Gospel and, previous to that, was witnessed to by the Law and the Prophets.