1. Endoplasmic reticulum
Function
Synthesizing proteins, lipids, and steroids
Two types: rough ER and smooth ER
Key components
LOTS of membranes
Vesicles
Cisternae
Ribosomes

3. Golgi apparatus Function Key components
Modify and package proteins and lipids made in the rough ER
Key components
Flattened stacks
Cisternae
Vesicles

9. Mitochondria Function Key components Energy-producing machines! ATP
Regulation of metabolism
Stores calcium
Key components
Inner and outer membranes
Cristae
Matrix
Ribosomes
Own genome (from mom)

13. Lysosomes Function Key components Digest biological molecules
Increased acidity compared to the rest of the cell
pH ~4.5
Key components
LOTS of enzymes
Proton pumps (hydrogen)

15. Cytoskeleton Function Key components Architecture of the cell
Help localize organelles
Facilitate cell shape changes
Key components
Actin microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

21. Chloroplasts Function Key components Photosynthesis
Produce sugar using sun’s energy
Key components
Chlorophyll
Lots of membranes

22. Figure 1-20 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

23. Figure 1-21 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

24. Algae biofuels
Sunlight + Water + CO2  Sugar processed into lipids (oil)

25. Light Microscope Resolution = 200 nm (0.2 µm)
Wavelength of light: 0.4 – 0.7 µm
Cells can be alive, fixed, and/or stained

26. Fluorescence Microscopy
Fixed or live cells
Light of a specific wavelength is projected onto a sample
Light is emitted from the sample based on the kind of dye/probe it is labeled with

28. Confocal Microscopy Cells need to be fixed
Producing a 3D image of a sample by scanning through it layer by layer

29. Electron Microscope Resolution = 2 nm
Dead cells are fixed with heavy metals
Transmission EM
Image is produced by electron scattering as they go through a thin sample
Scanning EM
Image is produced by electron scattering as they bounce off of the sample

30. $45, ,000

31. Why do we use them?

32. Model Organisms Escherichia coli (Prokaryote) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Drosophila melanogaster
Arabidopsis thaliana
Zebrafish
Mus muscularis
Eukaryotes

33. Advantages of Model Organisms
E. coli
Prokaryote
Cheap and easy to grow in bulk
Kept as frozen stock
Generation time = 30 minutes
Store and express foreign DNA
Lots of mutants
Entire genome sequenced
Transformation of exogenous DNA

34. S. cerevisiae Eukaryote Has two sexes Cheap and easy to grow
Mating experiments
Cheap and easy to grow
Kept as frozen stock
Generation time = 2 hours
Store and express foreign DNA
Lots of mutants
Entire genome sequenced

36. Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Generation time = 6 weeks
Large number of offspring (thousands+)
Foreign DNA can be introduced
Lots of mutants
Entire genome sequenced
Not much “junk” DNA

37. Drosophila Invertebrate Has two sexes Fairly cheap and easy to grow
Mating experiments
Fairly cheap and easy to grow
Generation time = 12 days
Large number of offspring (hundreds+)
Foreign DNA can be introduced
Lots of mutants
tinman (no heart), lilliputian (small), dreadlocks, cheap date, swiss cheese, lava lamp, lunatic fringe, radical fringe, manic fringe
Entire genome sequenced

41. C. elegans Invertebrate, multi-cellular Has two sexes
Mating experiments
Cheap and easy to grow
Kept as frozen stock
Generation time = 3 days
Large number of offspring (hundreds+)
Fate of all 959 cells known
Store and express foreign DNA
Lots of mutants
Dumpy, uncoordinated, bag-o-worms
Entire genome sequenced

45. Zebrafish Vertebrate Has two sexes Generation time = 3 months
Mating experiments
Generation time = 3 months
Large number of offspring (hundreds+)
Good number of mutants available
floating head, half stoned, dynamo, tiggywinkle hedgehog, one-eyed pinhead
Eggs are clear
Can observe developmental changes

48. Mus muscularis Vertebrate Has two sexes Generation time = 10 weeks
Mating experiments
Generation time = 10 weeks
Good number of mutants
Foreign DNA can be introduced
Can “knock out” genes to study human diseases
Entire genome sequenced