1. Domestic work: some evidence from research
From unpaid work to paid work
From paid work to formal employment
Few facts and figures
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2. Household services – gendered work
Child care
Elder care
Domestic work / cleaning
Home maintenance
Catering
Often involves combination of care/cleaning/cooking
Big part of the 5 Cs
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3. Growing (unmet) demand for household services due to
Demographic developments
Changing patterns of employment and income
Social and cultural changes
Policy incentives
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4. European Foundation research ‘Employment in household services’
Eight Member States – Austria Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, UK
Review, locality studies, interviews with employers and workers
Conceptual problems
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5. Policy measures to stimulate employment in household services
EU level: employment, local development, entrepreneurship, ESF
National level:
- Expansion and relocation of care services
- Activation schemes for excluded groups
- Tax credits for families or employers
- Home care allowances for carers of dependents
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6. Scale of employment growth
Evident but not uniform
No accurate statistics but undeclared work looks very significant
Child care and food services show highest growth
Many self-employed
Third sector and public sector organisations more evident than private sector – but much private purchase by individuals
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7. Quality of employment – variable but with many issues around
Pay
Social protection
Working hours
Career prospects
Jobs for women, including older women
Integration of migrant workers
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8. Policy objectives Employment creation Good working conditions
Equal opportunities to access qualified occupations
Work-life balance
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9. Policy dilemmas
Professionalisation or large-scale job creation (for unqualified workers)
Integration of unqualified workers
Promoting female employment and desegregation
Quality versus cost
Coordination of national policy with local initiative
Future sustainability of formal employment
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