1. Kingdom Plantae

2. General Characteristics
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Photosynthetic- use chlorophyll
Have cell walls

3. Classification Is based on their structure and means of reproduction.
Non-vascular plants
Vascular plants

4. Non-Vascular Plants
Have no specialized tissue for support and transport of food and water.
Algae live in water and have very few specialized cell types (“simple” plants)
Bryophytes live on land and still lack a vascular system
They both rely on aquatic environments for reproduction (sperm swims to egg)

5. Algae - classified based on the type of pigment present for photosynthesis
Red
Green
Brown

6. Red Algae
Contains a reddish pigment called phycobilins, in addition to 2 types of chlorophyll
The pigment appears red but absorbs blue light the best (that is the light that penetrates through water the best)

7. Structure of Red Algae Some single celled Some filamentous
Some branching structures
Some broad or flat plates.

8. Habitat of Red Algae Mostly Marine Some freshwater
All live attached to some surfaces
Common on coral reefs

9. Brown Algae
Contain a brown pigment called fucoxanthin in addition to 2 types of chlorophyll.

10. Structure of Brown Algae
Largest and most complex algae
No unicellular or colonial forms
Range from microscopic filaments to kelp in excess of meters in length.
Many have specialized regions
Holdfast
Air bladders
Stipes
Blades

11. Habitat of Brown Algae Cool, shallow waters along the seacoast
Mostly grow attached

12. Green Algae
Contain similar pigments to land plants – chlorophyll a and b and some carotenoids.

13. Structure of Green Algae
Some unicellular, others filamentous, some colonial spheres or broad, flat sheets.
Small and simple compared to red and brown algae.

14. Habitat of Green Algae Freshwater and Marine
Most numerous type of algae
Evidence suggests that some types of green algae were the ancestors to land plants.

15. Humans Uses for Algae Agar Toothpaste Deodorants
Algae (an ingredient in ice cream that helps prevent the formation of ice crystals)
Sushi
Hand Lotion
Pudding, candles and ice cream all
use red algae for smoother texture.

16. Life on Land… Remember what all plants need to do…
Obtain water, sunlight and CO2 for photosynthesis
Obtain O2 and minerials for Cellular Respiration
Get gametes together for reproduction

17. As plants made their evolutionary journey onto land they needed to…
Protect themselves from drying out
Hold themselves in place and upright to collect sunlight
Find alternatives to water-based reproduction (fertilization of eggs by sperm)

18. Adaption's to Life on Land
Roots- obtain water
Xylem- to transport water
Phloem- to transport food/minerals
Leaves- to collect sunlight
Cuticle(waxy coating)- to prevent water loss
Stomata(leaf opening)- to allow gas exchange through otherwise protective coat.
Flowers/cones-to transport sperm to egg without water
Seed- to disperse offspring

19. Primitive Land Plants (nonvascular): Phylum Bryophyta
Small, low growing, lack vascular systems (xylem/phloem)
Require water for sexual reproduction
Have alternation of generations with gametophyte (gamete-producing) stage most obvious.
Have Rhizoids instead of
roots for anchoring plant.
Examples: Moss,
Liverworts, Hornworts

20. Bryophyta Habitat Terrestrial Must be near or in water
Moist, shady areas

21. Vascular Plants: Phylum Tracheophyta
More “complex” plants
All have vascular tissue (xylem/phloem)
Have true roots, stems and leaves
All have alternation of generations with the sporophyte (spore-producing) stage most obvious.

22. Seedless Vascular Plants- “lower” vascular plants
All have small slender roots which grow from an underground rhizomes (creeping stem)
Extensive spread of sporophyte generation from vegetative propagation from rhizome.
Still must have water for sexual reproduction
Examples: Ferns, club mosses and horsetails.

23. Seed Plants Independent of water for reproduction Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

24. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm means “naked seed” because the seeds are on scales of cones rather than surrounded by fruit
Produce cones which carry genetic information from male to female
Gametophytes are contained within the body of the sporophyte instead of separate forms like in “lower” plants

25. Examples: Cycads, Ginkgoes, Conifers, Pines, Spruces, Firs, and Cedars

26. Angiosperms-Flowering Pants
Flowers attract insects with bright colors and/or scents.
Seeds are contained within an ovary(fruit) which aids in the dispersal of offspring.
Life cycle similar to gymnosperms

27. Two Groups of Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots

28. Monocots
Examples: Corn, wheat, lilies, daffodils and palms

29. Dicots
Examples: Roses, clovers, tomatoes, oaks and daisies