1. Honors New Mexico History

2. Mexican War of Independence 1810-21
Mexico part of Spanish Empire
Several revolts against Spanish rule during this period
All failed
Last revolt began in 1810
Revolt began because Spain was involved in a war with England and France

3. Spanish Empire Multi-racial
Creoles: Spanish born in the colonies (whites)
Mestizo: Mixed race, Indian and European
Indians
All revolts were led by the creole elites
Less than 5% of the total population

4. Mexican Leaders Mexico Fr. Miguel Hildalgo Several kids
Notorious reputation
Executed 1811
Fr. Jose Morelos
Executed 1815
Wanted to end slavery

5. Fr. Miguel Hildalgo
Fr. Jose Morelos

6. Mexican War of Independence
After 1815 the war of independence was led by guerilla bands
After ten years of civil war and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse.
The rebels faced stiff Spanish military resistance and the apathy of many of the most influential creoles.

7. Mexican War of Independence
In what was supposed to be the final government campaign against the insurgents, in December 1820,a force led by a royalist creole officer, Colonel Agustín de Iturbide, was sent to defeat the rebels.
It joined the rebels and overthrew the government.
Iturbide was later elected as the first emperor of Mexico in 1822.
Remained a monarchy until 1824

8. Col. Agustin de Iturbide

9. First Mexican Republic
Very unstable: 75 governments in next 55 years
Attempted to rule with a constitution similar to that of the US
Major Figure
Antonio López de Santa Anna
General who took power in 1832
Served as president 11 times by 1876
Known as the “Napoleon of the West”
Faced several rebellions in Mexico during 1830s

10. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana

11. New Mexico Under Mexican Rule
Under Spanish rule, trade with areas outside the Spanish Empire was prohibited
Under Spanish rule New Mexico was a province of New Spain
Both of these changed under Mexican rule
Other Spanish era laws were enforced

12. Santa Fe Trade
By 1821 trade contacts with the United States were developed
William Becknell
Trader from Missouri
Traveled across the Plains to trade with Indian groups
Was invited to New Mexico
Within a year the Santa Fe trade was born
Taos was initially the headquarters of the trade, then it moved to Santa Fe
New Mexico was anxious for trade goods from the outside world

13. William Becknell

14. Fur Trade Fur Trade Fur trade became important
Had actually started as early as 1805
Was illegal under Spanish rule
Trade was beaver pelts to be used for hats
Headquartered in Taos

15. Major Figures Christopher “Kit” Carson Charles Bent William Bent
Ceran St. Vrain
Marcellin St. Vrain
Last 4 formed a trade company and constructed Bent’s Fort in southern Colorado
All of this changed the face of New Mexico and opened it to the outside world

16. Kit Carson
Bent’s Fort

17. New Mexico Under Mexican Rule
Legal Status
New Mexico changed legal status 3 times from
Was loosely controlled by Mexican government
Became a territory after 1824
Role of Catholic Church
New Mexico had largely been on its own in religious affairs until 1833
In 1833 the church took direct control of affairs in New Mexico and replaced all priests
Created problems
Not enough new priests
Churches fell into decay, many were dissolved

18. Chimayo Revolt Col. Albino Perez was appointed Governor in 1835
An Outsider (most previous governors had been from NM)
A military officer
Changed government in NM, instituted new taxes
Led to a revolt in 1837
Army formed around Rio Arriba to oppose Perez
 Rebels took power after defeating Perez

19. Manuel Armijo Rebels soon began to commit atrocities
Manuel Armijo of Albuquerque led a counter-revolt.
Governor 3 times (27-28, 37-43, 45)

20. Manuel Armijo Repelled Texas invasion in 1841.
Authorized false promises of safe conduct, but instead took the Texan merchants and soldiers into custody and sent them further south in Mexico as prisoners.
Corrupt?
Made land grants to wealthy Americans
Fought another Texas invasion in 1843 and was defeated.
Resigned, but made Governor again in 1845

21. Mexican War 1846-48 Texas Revolution Texas Annexation
1836 American and Mexican settlers overthrew the Mexican government
Texas became an independent state.
Goal was to expand land for slave plantations.
Texas Annexation
Texas annexed by the United States in 1845
The US claimed the Rio Grande as the border, Mexico claimed the Nueces as the border
Fighting stated when Mexican troops crossed into US territory

22. Manifest Destiny Real issue was Manifest Destiny
Americans believed that it was their divine destiny to expand to the following areas
Southwest
California
Oregon
If these areas were not sold to the US, the nation took them by force
Sparked a war with Mexico and almost started a war with England

23. US Occupation US troops entered New Mexico in summer 1846
Gov. Armijo sent a scout to spy on US troops
Instead the scout was captured by US troops
Shown the army and then sent back to Armijo
Armijo’s troops were not well armed
Armijo probably took a bribe and surrendered to the US
Later tried for treason by the Mexicans
By 1846, US in control