1. Flexion–extension torques acting about the antebrachiocarpal (AC) joint during walking, trotting and cantering.
Flexion–extension torques acting about the antebrachiocarpal (AC) joint during walking, trotting and cantering. Data were normalized to the swing (–99 to 0%) and stance (1 to 100%) phases of each stride. EMG activation patterns for the five flexor and three extensor muscles that actuate this joint (ECR, CDE, LDE, UL, DDF, FCU, SDF and FCR) are shown in the panels to the right. Standard deviations are indicated by the shaded areas, except for the LDE, where data were available for only one horse.
Simon M. Harrison et al. J Exp Biol 2012;215:
© 2012.