1. Chemistry/Physical Setting
Organic Reactions
Br. Jabreal

2. Aim: What are the characteristics of common organic reactions?
Do Now: Compare the structure of a hydrocarbon with a halide.

3. Substitution Reactions
Substitution Reaction: Organic reaction in which one atom or group is replaced with another type.
Can be used to prepare halides from hydrocarbons (replacing a hydrogen with a halogen).

4. Substitution Reactions
Example

5. Practice
Write a substitution reaction between ethane and bromine.

6. Addition Reactions
Addition Reaction: Organic reaction in which atoms are “added across” a double or triple bond.
Happens only in “unsaturated” compounds.
Extra bonds between carbons are taken away and replaced with bonds to new atoms.
Ex. Addition of Bromine to Ethene
Ethene
1,2-dibromoethane

7. More Addition Reactions
Hydrogenation

8. Fermentation
Fermentation: Metabolism of sugar in the absence of oxygen, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Done by yeast or bacteria.
C6H12O C2H5OH + 2CO2
Yeast
enzymes
Glucose
Ethanol
Carbon Dioxide

9. *Esterification*
Esterification: Reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol that produces an ester and water.
This is a dehydration synthesis reaction, as water is removed (OH from the acid and H from the alcohol) to combine the two compounds.

10. Esterification: Example

11. Practice
The incomplete equation represents an esterification reaction. The alcohol reactant is represented by X.
(a) Name the reactant whose structural formula is shown.
(b) Draw the structural formula for the alcohol represented by X.

12. Saponification
Saponification is an organic reaction used to produce soap.
A reaction between fat and a base produces glycerol and soap.
Fat + NaOH  Glycerol + Soap

13. Combustion
Combustion: Organic reaction in which oxygen reacts with an alkane to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Ex. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

14. Practice
Write a balanced equation for the combustion of propane.

15. Polymers and Polymerization
A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeating units called monomers.
Ex. Proteins are made up of many amino acids linked together. Which is the monomer? Which is the polymer?
Natural examples of polymers include proteins, starch, and cellulose. Synthetic examples include nylon, polyester, and the plastic polyethylene (monomer ethene).

16. Polymerization
In a polymerization reaction, monomer units are put together to form a polymer.
n monomer  (monomer)n
Meaning we start with any number of the monomer, “n” and combine them into one unit containing “n” of them covalently bonded together in a chain.

17. Polymerization: Example
If X was 100, that would mean that the compound contained 100 repeating ethene units.

18. Homework
Page 760
Questions 12-15