1. Plant Structure and Function
Chapter 29

2. Plant Growth
Meristems – where plant growth originates – region where cells continuously divide.
Apical meristem
Intercalary
Lateral meristem

3. Type Location Growth Function
Apical meristems (primary growth)
Tips of stems and roots
Increase length at tips
Intercalary meristems (primary growth)
Between the tip and base of stems and leaves
Increase length between nodes
Lateral meristems (secondary growth)
Sides of stems and roots
Increase diameter

4. click4biology.info/

5. Roots

6. Types of Roots
Taproot: If the first/ primary root produced by a sprouting seed becomes the largest
Many plants like carrots and certain trees have taproots.

7. Types of Roots
Fibrous root system: The primary root does not become large, but develops into numerous small roots

8. Types of Roots
Adventitious roots: specialized roots that grow from stems or leaves

9. Root Structures Root cap Cover apical meristem
Produces a slimy substance that acts like a lubricant
Root structures are adapted for several functions.

10. Root Structures Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells
Increase surface area
Mycorrhiza (fungus)

11. Apical meristem
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12. Root Functions Anchoring plant Absorb water and a variety of minerals
Store carbohydrates or water
Some minerals are essential for plants to live.
Phloem carries sugars made in leaves to the roots.

13. Stems
Chapter 29

14. Stems Involved in the transport and storage of nutrients and water.
Support leaves
Various differences in shape and growth represent adaptations to the environment.
Stems are usually adapted to support leaves and whatever their size and shape, stems also function in transporting materials and providing storage.
Examples: strawberries: grow along surface and produce new plants
potato: edible tuber are modified for storage
cactus: store water

15. Stem Structures Grow only in length at their tips.
Each leaf is attached at a node.
Divided into segments called internodes.
At the end of the internode is a bud.
Stems have several features that roots lack.
A bud is capable of producing a new shoot system and contains an apical meristem is enclosed in specialized leaves called bud scales.

16. Page 593 in text book.

17. Stem Functions Transportation of Nutrients Storage Transport Water
Stores water and nutrients
Transport Water
Occurs in the xylem of all plant organs
Transpiration
Sugars, some plant hormones and other organic compounds are transported through the phloem.
Most of the time sugars move from the leaves to the roots.

18. Leaves
Chapter 29 Section 4

19. Leaves
Extremely variable which, like stems, represents adaptations to the environmental conditions.
Tendrils- found in vines
Fly traps- get additional nutrients
Spines- offer protection, and reduce water loss

20. Leaf Shape Blade Petiole The broad flat, portion of a leaf
Stalklike, where blade attaches to stem
Leaves can be round, straplike, needlelike, or heart-shaped.

21. Leaf Shape
Simple
Single leaf
Coumpound
Divided into leaflets

22. Leaf Structure
Cuticle
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Vascular Bundle

23. Epidermis Represents the dermal tissue
A single layer of cells coated with a cuticle
Epidermal hairs protect against insects and intense light

24. Mesophyll Where photosynthesis occurs Ground tissue
Made up of chloroplast-rich parenchyma cells
Organized into 2 layers
Palisade mesophyll: most photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll: gas exchange
What is the cuticle?

25. Veins aka Vascular Bundles
Continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem and petiole
Embedded in the mesophyll
Parellel vs net venation

27. Leaf Functions Primary site of photosynthesis in most plants.
Mesophyll cells use light energy, CO2, and water to make sugars.
MAJOR LIMITATION to photosynthesis is insufficient water due to transpiration.

28. Capturing Light Adapt to environment to maximize light interception
Leaves at top of tree are bigger and thicker.
Shaded leaves are arranged to minimize shading.
Hot-too much sun light, develop dense coats or live underground

29. Gas Exchange Controlled by the stomata
The stomata is open during the day and close at night
Guard cells
Modified cells
Regulated by the amount of water in it

30. Guard Cells