1. Ethnicity and youth sub-cultures

2. Ethnicity
Ethnicity is related to culture, descent and a shared sense of identity (Modood 2005)
Therefore ethnicity is related to race, as well as nationality as well as religion.
Factors which have influenced people’s ethnic identities are immigration, globalisation and hybridity.

3. Sub-cultures
Rastafarians – Jamaica, Bob Marley, religion, any capitalism resistance, resistance to white oppression.
Bhangra – folk music from Punjab has been incorporated into contemporary music styles
Shown in Brasian (New Hybrid identity British Asian)
Hip-Hop Gansta Rap – born in the Bronx in 1970s – Rap music, dance, graffiti, female exploitation - Hybridity is strong e.g Eminem

4. Researchers
Hall (1996) New ethnicities. Stuart Hall recognises how ethnic groups have influenced one another due to migration and globalisation producing hybrid identities.
Modood et al (1997) most second generation immigrants (Caribbean and South Asian) saw themselves as both British and Black/Asian
Les Back (1996) found white youths adopting black caribbean culture on London council estates.
Tony Sewell (1997) found Black youths developed anti-school and resistant sub-cultures based on rastafarian or gansta/hip-hop culture – macho, materialist – gave them status they could not get from white society.

5. Ethnicity
Read pg 33 of workbook and identify main ideas about ethnicity and youth
Write notes on the concepts of
Resistance
hybrid cultures
ethnocentrism
found on pg of green books.