1. Marine Community Ecology
Day 1

2. Ecologists call relationships between species in a community
interspecific interactions
Examples are competition, predation, herbivory, and…
symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism)

3. Symbiosis
a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

4. 1. Mutualism
(+/+) an interspecific interaction that benefits both species
It may be one of 2 types:
* Obligate: one species cannot survive
without the other
* Facultative: both species can survive
alone

5. Ex. Coral and zooxanthellae (Obligate)

6. Ex. Cleaner wrasse and larger fish and sharks (facultative)

7. 2. Commensalism
(+/0) One species benefits while the other is unaffected
Ex. Barnacles on baleen whales

8. Ex. Remora and tiger shark

9. Ex. Clown fish and anemone

10. Parasitism
(+/–) one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed
Parasites that live within the body of their host are called endoparasites
parasites that live on the external surface of a host are ectoparasites

11. This is a tapeworm that is often found in the small intestine of minke and sei whales but can also infect dogs and people who eat uncooked infected whale meat or fish (which might carry the larval stages of many parasites.) The eggs of Diplogonoporus, shed in the feces of the whale, are eaten and hatch within small crustaceans called copepods, which are then eaten by small fish, later sieved out of the water by baleen whales such as the minke.

12. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

13. Ex. The Anisakis worm
The Most Extreme - Odd Couples number 10 and 9 - YouTube

14. Marine Community Ecology
Day 2

15. Ecological Niche
The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources
an organism’s ecological role
Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

16. Interspecific competition
(–/–) occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply
Ex. Mussels competing for space

17. Predation
(+/– interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the prey

18. Adaptations for prey survival
Cryptic Coloration (camouflage) ex. flounder

19. aposematic coloration (warning coloration)
The Most Extreme - Venom - YouTube

20. Batesian mimicry (harmless organism mimics the coloration of another species)
World's Most Intelligent Animal - Mimic Octopus - YouTube
Ex. Eibli Mimic Tang and an Eibli Angelfish

21. Herbivory
(+/–) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga
ex. Manatee and seaweed

22. Injuries due to boat propellers

23. Ex. Sea urchin feeding on kelp

24. Dominant species
those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass
Biomass is the total mass of all individuals in an area
exert powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species

25. Ex. phytoplankton

26. DOMINANT ORGANISMS

27. Keystone species
exert strong control on the health of a community by the ecological roles they play
In contrast to dominant species, they are not necessarily abundant in a community
VIDEO

28. Ex. Sea otters

29. Number of species present
1963 ’64 ’65 ’66 ’67 ’68 ’69 ’70 ’71 ’72 ’73
RESULTS
With Pisaster (control) 20 15 10 5
Without Pisaster (experimental)

31. Abyssal plian, Island, Trench, seamount, continental shelf, slope,