1. Volume 125, Issue 3, Pages 755-764 (September 2003)
Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure 
Javier Vaquero, Julie Polson, Chuhan Chung, Irene Helenowski, Frank V. Schiodt, Joan Reisch, William M. Lee, Andres T. Blei 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 125, Issue 3, Pages (September 2003)
DOI: /S (03)

2. Figure 1
Temporal relationship between detection of the first infection and progression to stage III-IV HE in both (A) acetaminophen and (B) nonacetaminophen groups. Symbols above the continuous line represent patients in whom a microbiologically confirmed infection was detected before or within 24 hours of progression to stage III-IV HE (solid symbols), and symbols below the continuous line represent patients with microbiologically confirmed infection detected after 24 hours of progression to stage III-IV HE (open symbols). Note that, in the majority of acetaminophen patients, infection preceded progression of HE, whereas, in some nonacetaminophen patients, infection occurred also several days after progression of HE had occurred, reflecting the higher risk of infection in patients with deep coma.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

3. Figure 2
(A) Site and (B) causative pathogens of infections during stage I-II HE in patients who did not progress to stage III-IV HE (open bars) compared with those who progressed (hatched bars). Catheter infections were more frequent in patients who did not progress (a paradox that may reflect a clinical practice in which intravascular catheters were probably not removed in those patients who presented progression to deep HE and, thus, not cultured during stage I-II HE). Infection by gram-negative bacteria was more frequent in patients who presented subsequent progression of HE. TrachAsp, tracheal aspirate; Cath, catheter.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

4. Figure 3
Influence of SIRS at admission in the development of progression of hepatic encephalopathy in all patients (n = 227), in patients without demonstrable infection (n = 168), and in patients with demonstrable infection (n = 59) during stage I-II encephalopathy. In the majority of patients without demonstrable infection, more SIRS components were associated with more encephalopathy (P < 0.05, Pearson χ2).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )