1. A Stepping Stone to Pluripotency
Hitoshi Niwa 
Cell 
Volume 163, Issue 7, Pages (December 2015)
DOI: /j.cell
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2. Figure 1 Mechanisms of Chemical Reprogramming
Transcription factor (TF)-mediated reprogramming of somatic cells might use a mesoendoderm-like state as the intermediate step. Chemical reprogramming, however, is a process consisting of two steps via an extraembryonic endoderm (XEN)-like state. Chemicals and their roles used in these two steps have been listed here. Abbreviations: VPA, valproic acid; 5-aza-dC, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine; HDAC, histone deacetylase; GSK3, glycogen synthase 3 (Wnt signal mediator); ALK5, activin receptor-like kinase 5 (TGFβ signal transducer); LSD1, lysine specific demethylase 1 (H3K4 demethylase); cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; RARα, retinoic acid receptor α; DOT1L, DOT1-like histone H3K79 methyltransferase; SAHH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase; DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase. “i” and “a” indicate inhibitor and agonist, respectively. Underlined chemicals are added in the new protocol.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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