1. Molecular Systematics: opportunities and controversies

2. Molecular Systematics
Molecular biology has revolutionized the field of systematics
Molecular systematics is a powerful new tool.
It opens a new different dimension of looking at the field of systematics
The earliest of molecular systematics was chemotaxonomy (using macro molecules such as seed proteins, polypeptides, carbohydrates, secondary metabolites etc.). However, these have largely been replaced in recent time by DNA/RNA data.

3. Controversies in Molecular Systematics
Molecules versus morphologies
Types of characters and methods of analysis
Homology and similarity in molecular systematics
Gene trees and organismal phylogeny
Constancy of evolutionary rates
Neutrality of Molecular variants
Data quality and presentation

4. Pros and Cons using morphology dan DNA in phylogenetic analysis

5. Pros and Cons using morphology dan DNA in phylogenetic analysis
Genetics
Existence of variation
Cost
Ability to study characters that reflect a variety of different genes
The fossil record
Determination of homology
Convergent evolution
The rate of evolution