1. Arsenic Lisa Miller Water Quality Engineer Golden State Water Company
Back to the Basics: Challenges and Solutions for Small Systems/Groundwater Treatment
Arsenic
Lisa Miller
Water Quality Engineer
Golden State Water Company
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2. Agenda Arsenic Overview Federal MCL & State MCL BAT
Artesia System overview & wells affected by arsenic
Types of treatment utilized
Coagulation/filtration
Adsorptive Media
Challenges & Issues
Pilot Studies
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3. Arsenic in California Federal MCL – 10 µg/L Effective January 2006
California MCL – 10 µg/L
Effective November 2008
Health Effects include cancer, skin damage, circulatory problems, etc.
Natural and manmade sources
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4. Arsenic in California Arsenite (As III) vs. Arsenate (As V)
Arsenate more readily removed
Arsenite can be converted to arsenate by the addition of an oxidant
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5. Arsenic in California Best Available Technology Activated Alumina
Coagulation/Filtration*
Ion Exchange
Lime Softening*
Reverse Osmosis
Electrodialysis
Oxidation/Filtration
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*Not BAT for system <500 service connections

6. Artesia System 10,827 service connections 48,308 population
Groundwater System
Seven active wells, three with arsenic treatment
Co-occurring contaminants
Manganese and/or Iron
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7. Coagulation/Filtration
Centralia Well #6
Plant effluent arsenic: 5-6 µg/L
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8. Coagulation/Filtration
Treatment process involves co-precipitation and adsorption/filtration of iron, manganese, and arsenic
Sodium hypochlorite and ferric chloride are injected into raw water
Dual media anthracite/sand filters
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9. Coagulation/Filtration
Centralia Well #6
Design Capacity gpm
3 gpm/ft² Filtration rate
Ferric chloride dose: ~4-6 mg/L
10 year Media life
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10. Coagulation/Filtration
Filters are backwashed every 24 hours of run time
Backwash water allowed to settle
Decant is recycled to head works
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11. Treatment Considerations
Waste Disposal considerations
Sludge Hauling
Hazardous waste characterization
Sewer connection
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12. Pilot Studies Centralia Wells 3 & 4
Advanced Processes for Simultaneous Arsenic and Manganese Removal (2006 AwwaRF Tailored Collaboration Project)
Purpose was to modify, demonstrate and optimize an existing treatment process to simultaneously remove As and Mn
Establish efficient design process approach for utilities
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13. Pilot Studies
Determined that ferric chloride could be added to oxidation/filtration to successfully remove arsenic
Ferric chloride doses between 2 and 4 mg/L could reduce arsenic down to 8 µg/L, and higher doses could bring arsenic to ND levels
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14. Adsorptive Media Hawaiian Well #1 and Massinger Well #1
Plant effluent arsenic: typically ND
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15. Adsorptive Media Oxidation/filtration through pyrolusite media
Followed by Granular Ferric Oxide adsorption for arsenic removal
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16. Adsorptive Media
Hawaiian Well #1 and Massinger Well #1 both 600 gpm each
8 gpm/ft² filtration rate
GFO media does not need to be backwashed
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17. Treatment Considerations
GFO is single-pass media
Waste Disposal considerations – spent media disposal
Media life – lack of bed volumes
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18. Pilot Studies Hawaiian & Massinger treatment alternatives
Modifications to the existing adsorption system
Hydraulic improvements
Vessel cycling
Lead-lag vessel configuration
pH depression
Other adsorptive medias
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19. Pilot Studies Hawaiian & Massinger treatment alternatives
Modifications to existing oxidation filtration system
Ferric Chloride addition
Residuals Handling
pH depression
Piloted addition of ferric chloride prior to manganese dioxide filters to simultaneously remove manganese and arsenic to eliminate need for GFO
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20. Pilot Studies Century Well #1
AwwaRF Demonstration of Emerging Technologies for Arsenic Removal, Volume 2: Pilot Testing
Tested 4 different types of adsorptive media
Aluminum-based sorbent
Granular ferric hydroxide
Iron-coated activated alumina
High porosity granular activated alumina
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21. Pilot Studies Conclusions from Century Testing
Iron-based media has greater capacity for removing arsenic than alumina media
GFH performed better because of higher iron content
GFH treated higher volumes of water before breakthrough
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22. Conclusion
Coagulation/Filtration successfully removes arsenic, iron, and manganese in one treatment process. Produces waste residuals.
Adsorption is a straightforward process to remove arsenic. Media is typically single pass.
Type of treatment and success of treatment can vary depending on site specific factors and source water quality. Pilot testing helps determine what will work best for each plant site.
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23. Thank You Gswater.com | 800.999.4033 @GoldenStateH2O
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@GoldenStateH2O