2. What is a cold war?
intense political, military, and ideological rivalry between nations, without direct armed conflict.

3. Origins of the Cold War

4. The Cold War Broken down
Elements of the Cold War:
1. Distrust 
2. Differences in ideology 
3. (MAD) Mutually Assured Destruction.
4. Arms race 
Examples / Events of the Cold War
The Berlin Blockade (1948/49) 
The Korean War ( ) 
The Vietnam War ( ) 
The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962/3)
The Space Race ( ) 
Soviet Troops in Afghanistan (1979)
Cold War “Weapons”
Propaganda Economic competition
Diplomatic moves Scientific competition
Espionage Subversion
WAR
Just not with each other

5. U.S. Aims Versus Soviet Aims
The U.S. wanted:
self determination
Raw materials
ensure stability and new markets
Reunite Germany, Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive
The Soviets wanted:
Communism in other countries
Rebuild war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment
Control Eastern Europe
Keep Germany divided

6. No reparations for Soviets Soviets declare war on Japan
Yalta
February 1945
Division of Germany
No reparations for Soviets
Soviets declare war on Japan
Elections for Poland
Livadia Palace
The “Big Three”
Meeting Hall

7. Truman had been Vice President for 83 days
Truman Takes Command
Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
Truman had been Vice President for 83 days
Was “out of the loop”
Honest and willing to make tough decisions

8. Bargaining at Potsdam July 1945
Stalin does not allow free elections in Poland
U.S. and Soviet aims at odds
Soviets want reparations from Germany- Truman objects
All agreed to take reparations from own occupation zones
U.S. emerges from war as a great economic power

9. "Superpowers"

10. Supported by United States Charter written in April, 1945
The United Nations
Supported by United States
Charter written in April, 1945
Settle disputes peacefully
Stop wars before they start
General Assembly of all members
Security Council of 15 members (five permanent)
UN goal to promote peace but U.S. and USSR used it as a forum to spread influence

12. Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe
Finland
Albania and Bulgaria – occupied 1944
Czechoslovakia – under control by 1948
Hungary and Romania – 1947
East Germany – occupied 1945, German Democratic Republic established in 1949
Finland – Treaty of Cooperation 1948
Yugoslavia – Tito resists Soviet control, remained relatively free of Soviet interference
Satellite Nations
Sovietization - Adoption of Soviet-like institutions, laws, customs, traditions and the Soviet way of life

13. Term first used by Winston Churchill in a speech on March 5, 1946
The Iron Curtain
Term first used by Winston Churchill in a speech on March 5, 1946
Referred to Communist domination and oppression – Not a LITERAL WALL

14. Where is it?

16. Based on ideas of George Kennan
Containment
Based on ideas of George Kennan
Eastern Europe was already lost to Communism
Resist attempts to spread Communism elsewhere
Became cornerstone of America’s Cold War policy
“the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”
“long telegram”— “Mr. X” 

17. Application of policy of Containment
The Truman Doctrine
Application of policy of Containment
Soviets wanted access to Mediterranean from Black Sea
U.S. sent aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947
U.S. established military bases in both countries
Was the basis of our foreign policy for 40 years
“the US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.”

18. The Russian Threat

19. The Marshall Plan 1947 European Economic Recovery Plan
(“hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos”)
Secretary of State George Marshall
Soviet Union invited to participate
16 Western European nations joined the plan
The U.S. sent approximately $13 billion to Europe in next 4 years
More than half to Britain, France and West Germany
Secretary of State George Marshall.

20. Alliances and International Treaties

21. N.A.T.O North Atlantic Treaty Organization
“Collective Security”
Mutual military assistance
Proposed in 1946 by Louis St. Laurent of Canada
Established in April 4,1949
Defend Western Europe from Communism
Warsaw Pact created in as response
Containment

22. Containment "NATO“ – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
“SEATO’ – Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (1955)
“CENTO” – Central Treaty Organization (1955)

24. West Berlin was to be part of West Germany
The Berlin Airlift
Americans, British and French merged their occupation zones into West Germany
West Berlin was to be part of West Germany
June 1948, Soviets blocked access to Berlin through East Germany to force the west out
Supplies would be brought in by air
After 15 months the Soviets gave up the blockade

26. Airlift Statistics Cargo (short tons) Passengers Flights Total Food
Coal
Other In
Out
USA
189,963
1,783,573
296,319
1,421,119
66,135
25,263
37,486 UK
87,841
541,937
240,386
164,911
136,640
34,815
130,091
France
424
896
unk
10,000
278,228
2,326,406

27. Wrap Up
Reading Notes 18.1 due Friday