1. Organ Systems

2. Review
What is a tissue?
What is an organ?
What is an organ system?

3. Respiratory System
Key functions
Breathing
Gas exchange

4. Nose
Mouth
Trachea
Bronchioles
Bronchi
Alveoli
Diaphragm

5. Breathing
Process used to move air in/out of the lungs
Occurs because of rib muscles & diaphragm

6. Inhale
(Breathe in)
Exhale
(Breath out)
Diaphragm
Moves down
Ribs
Move up & out
Result
Air moves in

7. Inhale
Exhale
Diaphragm
Moves down
Moves up
Ribs
Move up & out
Move down & in
Result
Air moves in
Air moves out

8. Air’s Path
Air is drawn into lungs through trachea (windpipe) to bronchi
Bronchi narrow to smaller branches called bronchioles
At the end of bronchioles end are alveoli (air sacs)
Specialized epithelial tissue
1 cell layer thick
Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries (blood vessels)

9. Gas Exchange
Distance between the gases inside the alveoli and the blood is very small
Why is this important?
Exchange can happen quickly
Oxygen needs to diffuse from alveoli (high concentration) into blood (low concentration)
Carbon dioxide needs to diffuse from blood (high concentration) into alveoli (low concentration)

10. Digestive System Energy from food is obtained from 3 main sources
Carbohydrates (sugar & starch)
Protein
Lipid (fat)
Need to break these down into small useable parts

11. 2 types of digestion
Mechanical digestion
Physical breakdown / tearing apart of food
Chemical digestion
Breakdown of large particles by enzymes (chemicals)

12. Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Rectum

13. Food’s Path 1. Mouth Mechanical digestion Teeth Chemical digestion
Salivary glands
Breaks down carbohydrates
2. Esophagus
Connection between mouth and stomach
Peristalsis
Wave-like movement that squeezes food down to stomach
Caused by involuntary muscle contractions

14. 3. Stomach
Chemical digestion of proteins
Gastric juice
Contains hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, mucus
Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

15. 4. Small intestine ~ 7.5m long, very thin Completes chemical digestion
Small food particles are absorbed through villi
Small, finger-like projections on the inner surface
Function of villi is to increase the surface area
More surface area = more absorption

16. Liver
Produces bile which is pumped into the small intestine
Helps break up large lipids (fats)
Food does NOT enter
5. Large intestine
~ 1.5m long, thick
No digestion
Absorbs water, vitamins, minerals
Any materials not absorbed are formed into feces
Collected in the rectum and excreted

17. Circulatory System The main transportation system in your body Oxygen
Nutrients
Wastes
3 main parts
A) Blood vessels
B) Blood
C) Heart

18. A) Blood vessels 1. Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Have thick walls so they can handle the pressure
2. Veins
Carry blood TOWARD the heart
Not as thick as arteries
Valves help blood get back to heart
Aided by muscles

19. 3. Capillaries
Connection between arteries & veins
Composed of 1 layer of cells
Are easily broken
Bruises
Blood cells pass through single file

20. B) Blood Connective tissue Made of: 1. Plasma (55%) 2. Red blood cells
3. White blood cells
4. Platelets

21. 2. Red blood cells (RBC) 1. Plasma
Mostly water in which blood cells are suspended
2. Red blood cells (RBC)
Contain hemoglobin which binds OXYGEN and carries it to all cells in the body
Oxygen is needed to burn food to make energy
Once oxygen has been dropped off, carbon dioxide can attach and be taken to lungs for removal

22. 3. White blood cells
Part of immune system
Consume bacteria and viruses to fight off infection
4. Platelets
Jagged shaped cells that cluster in groups at cuts to create scabs and stop bleeding

23. C) Heart
2 pumps that work side-by-side
1 pump to move blood to the body
1 pump to move blood to the lungs

24. Heart Structures Aorta (main artery) Pulmonary Artery (to lungs)
Vena cava
(main vein)
Pulmonary Vein
(from lungs)
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Septum

25. RIGHT side of the heart
Receives DE-OXYgenated blood FROM BODY
Pumps DE-OXYgenated blood TO LUNGS
LEFT side of the heart
Receives OXYgenated blood FROM LUNGS
Pumps OXYgenated blood TO BODY

26. Atrium
UPPER chamber
Receives blood from BODY/LUNGS
Blood enters through a vein
Sends blood to VENTRICLE
Valve controls the flow
Ventricle
LOWER chamber
Receives blood from ATRIUM
Sends blood to BODY/LUNGS
Blood leaves through an artery

27. Heart Blood Flow

28. Excretory system Responsible for the removal of wastes from the body
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia (from digestion of proteins)
Salts
Organs:
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys, bladder, ureter
Skin

29. Liver
Converts toxic ammonia (from protein digestion) into less harmful UREA
Urea is released into the bloodstream

30. Kidney
Removes excess water, salt & urea from blood
NEPHRONS
Filtration units in the kidneys
Separates wastes from blood
Produces urine
Collected in a duct
Filtered blood returns to the veins
Are highly efficient
~ 180L of blood are filtered each day
Only 1.5L of urine is produced

31. Urine excretion
Ureters
Long tubes that connect kidneys to the bladder
The bladder is covered in muscular tissue
When it is full the bladder muscles contract and push urine out through the urethra

32. Skin Contains sweat glands Sweat is produced to: Keep you cool
Evaporative cooling
Remove excess salt

33. Nervous system Detects & organizes appropriate responses to stimuli
Eg. Changes in pressure, temperature, light, sound, chemicals

34. Impulses are sent from the body to the brain
Brain organizes a response
Sends a response message back to the stimulated tissue
Neurons (nerve cells)
Conduct electrical impulses (messages)

35. Structure of the neuron
Dendrites
Small branches that receive messages
Cell body
Contains necessary organelles (eg. Nucleus)
Axon
Tail-like extension of the body
Passes message to next neuron

36. Nervous System Organization
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal chord
Receives stimuli from sensory organs
Send response messages

38. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerve cells that travel to all parts of your body
Detects stimuli
Sensory neuron
Send info to CNS
Acts according to response from CNS
Motor neuron

39. The PNS can be broken down into
a) Somatic nerves
Under conscious control
b) Autonomic nerves
Not under conscious control
Heart rate
Pupil dilation in response to light
Digestion

40. Found throughout your skin Largest sensory organ
Senses
Sight
Audition (hearing)
Olfaction (smell)
Taste
Touch
Found throughout your skin
Largest sensory organ
All found in specific places