1. Thrombosis and Embolism

2. Thrombosis Thrombus: a blood clot occurring in a vessel or the heart
solid mass of platelets and / or fibrin
can occlude a vessel resulting in anoxic death of cells
term applied to cell death

3. Infarction
tissue that has been starved of oxygen resulting in tissue death
What would you call heart tissue deprived of oxygen resulting in death?
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
For individuals who suffer a first time heart attack, 50% are fatal

5. Ischemia: tissue that has been starved of oxygen, but had not yet died
It is possible to reverse ischemia with clot dissolving drugs

6. Thrombus

7. Thrombus and Embolus

9. What Causes the Formation of a Thrombus?
Atherosclerosis

10. Vascular injury
injury to the endothelium of a blood vessel can cause a clot
Why?
When an injury occurs, platelets stick to each other and form a clot
Platelets
solid, circulating cell fragments that are vital to stopping bleeds

11. Platelets

12. Causes of Vascular Injury
Phlebitis
inflammation of veins caused by lack of blood flow
causes:
chemical injury
traumatic injury
bacterial injury

13. Phlebitis

14. Causes of Vascular Injury
Blood flow
any change in blood flow
turbulence contributes to the thrombosis by bringing solid parts of the blood into contact with endothelial surface
major areas affected by blood flow that may result in a thrombus:
1.) Plasmatic zone
Along the tunica intima there is a layer of just plasma
Purpose: to keep solids from hitting the lumen’s wall
Why?

15. Provides a buffer so rbcs, wbcs, and platelets do not hit the wall

16. 2.) Valves
Large veins can become stretched out and not function properly
Stretched out valves cause turbulence of blood—not good

17. Thrombus Caused by a Valve

18. Blood Flow Changes 3.) Varicose veins valves malfunction
blood remains causing veins to become enlarged and twisted

19. Varicose Veins due to pregnancy standing for extending periods of time
being over weight
increases with age

20. 4.) Hypercoagulability
spontaneous blood clot
reason is not always known
#1 cause
female smokers who take birth control pills

21. Location of Thrombi Can occur anywhere in the cardiovascular system
Mural thrombi
form in the heart
Occlusive thrombi
form in the lumen of the vessels

22. Treatment of Thrombi 1.) Clot dissolving drugs
Break up the clot and, hopefully, prevent a myocardial infarction or stroke
Without the drugs:
Necrosis of the thrombus occurs (after several days)
Tissue damage will occur as a result of the infarction
Two of the common clot dissolving drugs:
Streptokinase
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
These can halt the progression of ischemia

23. Embolism Embolism: Embolus:
the occlusion of a vessel by a foreign mass traveling through the blood system
May arise in arteries and veins
Embolus:
a blood clot that has ruptured or broken up and flows with the blood until it lodges or dissolves

24. Causes of Emboli Thrombus (main cause)
Undissolved air or gas bubbles in the blood stream
Tumor fragments
Bone fragments

25. Venuous Emboli Most arise from thrombi in the legs
Called deep vein thrombosis (if forms in the deeper veins of the legs or pelvis)
May cause warmth, swelling, pain near the affected vessels

26. Venous Emboli

27. Venous Emboli If the thrombus travel towards the heart:
Pass through the right side of the heart and into the lungs
Can occlude a vessel in the lungs resulting in pulmonary hemorrhage or pulmonary infarction

28. Pulmonary Embolism

29. Pulmonary Embolism

30. Pulmonary Infarction Blood clot in the lungs
When no blood reaches a section of the lung, that portion of the lung suffers an infarction
meaning it dies because no blood or oxygen is reaching it

31. Arterial Emboli Usually form from thrombi in the aorta or heart
Travel away from the heart into smaller arteries
Areas most commonly affected
heart
brain
lower extremities
kidneys
spleen

32. Arterial Embolism

33. Lab Aorta Clear

34. For Lab