1. Challenges to the Church
Unintended Consequences From the Renaissance?

2. Objectives
Students will analyze factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation.
Students will analyze the changes in European thought and culture resulting from the Renaissance.

3. Vocabulary
indulgences: pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime
diet: assembly or legislature; assembly of Princes
predestination: Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation
theocracy: government run by religious leaders

4. Coming of the Reformation
Unrest and uncertainty large part of Northern Europeans’ lives
Change in traditional economies; traditional society
Humanism: find ways to understand forces of their lives
Biggest force in daily life: the Church

5. Church: Issues
Catholic church becoming more concerned with worldly issues
Competing with Italian princes for control and influence
Popes and clergy living comfortable lives
Corruption: Selling indulgences to the wealthy
Until only granted for good deeds; after available to be bought
Caused anger and frustration, especially in the North
Printing press and Erasmus ➙ fuel to the fire

7. Martin Luther Disillusioned with the church as a Monk and professor
1517: Wittenberg, Germany - Johann Tetzel offering sale of indulgences for individuals and family
Luther drafted 95 Theses (arguments) to refute the right of priests or the church as a whole against indulgences
No basis in the Bible; Christians could be saved only through faith

8. Spread of Luther’s Word
Copies of Luther’s protest were printed and distributed across Europe
Stirred debate
Church demanded Luther recant his views
Luther refused and developed even more radical doctrines - rejecting authority from Rome

10. Outlaw or Hero? 1521: Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Charles V summoned Luther to the diet to demand he give up his views; Luther refused.
Charles V declared Luther an outlaw; a crime to give him food or shelter
Luther still had many friends and supporters; support grew

12. Luther’s Movement New ideas spread quickly throughout the land
Many denouncements of the Church abuses and the hypocrisy that was seen
Lutherans became Protestants
At the grassroots level: Change of peasants life (Peasants Revolt )
For many German Princes: opportunity to throw off rule by Church and Holy Roman Emperor

13. Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Charles V tried to force princes back into the church
Resulted in wars - costly
Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to decide religion for themselves
North: Protestant; South: Catholic

14. Switzerland Reformation
John Calvin: French priest who shared many ideas with Luther
Differed slightly in the idea of predestination
World was separated into two kinds of people: saints and sinners
Calvinists believed that saved individuals were the only ones who could live good Christian lives

15. Calvinism Spreads Led to establishing a theocracy in Geneva
Calvinism spreads to France, Germany, England and Scotland
Sets off numerous wars across Europe
Between Catholics and Protestants; Protestants and Calvinists; Among them all

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