1. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil I. Early History A. Indigenous Populations
1. The first Portuguese ships stopped in Brazil in 1500.
a) They had peaceful encounters with some of the indigenous, or native, peoples who lived along the coast.
b) Pedro Cabral claimed the land for Portugal.
2. The people the Portuguese met were the Tupi.
a) They lived along the coast and in the rain forests south of the Amazon River.
b) Cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, beans, and peanuts.
c) They fished, but did little hunting on land.
3. The natives lived in Portugal for 10,000 years before the Portuguese landed in Brazil.

2. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil B. Daily Life
a) Besides the Tupi, were the Arawak and Carib peoples of the northern Amazon and coast.
b) The Nambicuara in the drier grasslands and highlands.
c) These were names given to them by the Portuguese.
B. Daily Life
1. Brazil’s lowland and rain forest peoples were mainly farmers.
a) They lived in permanent, self-governing villages and practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, a method of farming in forests that involves cutting down trees and burning away underbrush to create fields for growing crops.
b) To the south, the Nambicuara of the Brazilian Highlands were nomads, people who have no permanent homes.

3. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil C. European Arrive
1. For more than 30 years after Cabral’s visit, the Portuguese did not pay much attention to Brazil.
a) The Portuguese paid more attention to their colonies and trade in Asia.
b) The Portuguese set up trading posts along the Brazilian coast to trade for brazilwood which valuable red dye could be extracted.
c) The brazilwood trade made other European traders interested in Brazil.
d) The first Portuguese settlement was established in Brazil in 1533.

4. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil II. Colonial Rule
A. The Portuguese Conquest
1. King John III of Portugal gave wealthy supporters huge tracts of land in Brazil.
a) The coast  150 miles inland.
b) These were responsible in developing it.
c) They founded cities and gave land to colonists to farm.
2. Because the colonists could not do all the work that was required, they began to enslave nearby native people.
a) Many resisted and were killed.
b) Thousands died to the exposure of European diseases.

5. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil B. Spread of Christianity
c) Others fled into Brazil’s interior.
d) These conditions and other complaints led King John to end the land grant system in 1549.
e) He put Brazil under royal control.
B. Spread of Christianity
1. The new governor brought more colonists with him.
a) Jesuit Catholic priests.
b) They were sent to Brazil by the king to help the natives and convert them to Christianity.
c) Those who were converted were protected from slavery.
d) Jesuit missionaries went into the interior to protect the natives from slavery.
2. Prospectors and ranchers slowly developed the interior.

6. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil C. Sugar and Gold
1. As Brazil’s sugar industry expanded, cattlemen needed new land.
a) The rise of large sugarcane plantations pushed ranching westward.
2. In the 1600s, sugar became Brazil’s main export and Portugal’s greatest source of wealth.
a) Coffee and cotton also rose in popularity.
b) The discovery of gold in the eastern highlands in the 1690s further boosted the development of the interior.
c) Diamonds were discovered in the 1720s.
3. Plantation agriculture and mining required large numbers of workers.

7. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil III. Independent Brazil
a) Increase the demand for enslaved workers.
b) Portugal began to import enslaved Africans.
c) By 1780, more than 150,000 enslaved Africans worked in the mining districts. (Twice the size of the European population)
III. Independent Brazil
A. Independence and Monarchy
1. In 1805, Britain joined by its allies Russia, Austria, and Sweden, went to war with France to crush Napoleon Bonaparte.
a) Napoleon defeated them and conquered much of Europe.

8. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil
b) In 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal.
c) Ruler Dom João, the royal family, and other government leaders fled to Brazil.
d) Rio de Janeiro became the new capital of the Portuguese Empire.
e) This action put Brazil on the same level as Portugal.
2. After Napoleon was defeated, the Portuguese people wanted their king back.
a) In 1821, Dom João and the rest of the government returned to Portugal.
b) João’s son Pedro was left behind to rule Brazil.
c) In 1822, Portugal’s legislature restored Brazil as a colony and ordered Pedro to return to Portugal, Pedro refused.
d) Pedro declared Brazil’s independence and crowned himself Emperor Pedro I.
e) Brazil became a constitutional monarchy.

9. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil
3. Most Brazilians had supported independence from Portugal, but they soon tired of Pedro’s harsh rule.
a) In 1831, Pedro was forced to turn over his rule to his 5 year old son.
b) In 1840, Pedro II became emperor and he ruled for 50 years.
c) The population grew from 4 to 14 million.
d) Immigrants traveled to Brazil and coffee and sugar production rose.
e) Brazil’s first railroads were built.
4. In 1850, Brazil stopped importing enslaved Africans.
a) In 1871, the Brazillian slaves were emancipated or freed

10. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil B. The Brazilian Republic
1. Brazil’s powerful plantation owners were angered by the loss of their enslaved workers.
a) In 1899, they supported Brazil’s army in overthrowing Pedro II.
b) A new government was established with a constitution based on the U.S. Constitution.
c) Brazil became a republic in which people elect representatives to make governmental decisions.
d) The right to vote was left to wealthy property owners.
2. Most of the power of the early republic was held by the governors of Brazil’s southern states.

11. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil
a) State governor’s controlled the election of the president.
3. The presidents followed economic policies that benefited southeastern Brazil.
a) Coffee was Brazil’s main export.
b) = world’s main exporter of coffee.
c) São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro also became the country’s industrial and commercial centers.
d) In 1930, Getúlio Vargas overthrew the newly elected “coffee president” and seized power.
e) Vargas became a hero in Brazil by raising wages, shortened work hours, and allowed the formation of labor unions.
f) Due to the fact he was a dictator, he was forced by the military to resign.

12. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil C. Brazil Under Military Rule
1. Vargas was elected again in 1950, but again was forced from office by the military in 1954.
a) For 35 years the military and dictators controlled the government in Brazil until the military allowed the election of a civilian president in 1985.
D. Modern Brazil
1. Today, Brazil is a democratic republic in which people elect a president and other leaders.
a) In Brazil, voting is compulsory, which means that citizens by law have to vote.
2. Because Brazil has a high number of well-supported political parties, coalition governments are common.

13. Ch. 8, L2 History of Brazil
a) A coalition government is one in which several political parties cooperate to do the work of government.
b) In 2003, a democratically elected president replaced another democratically elected president for the first time in 40 years.
c) In 2010, voters elected Dilma Vana Rousseff as the 36th president of Brazil making her the first female president of Brazil.