1. EMEP new monitoring strategy in France Nathalie Poisson - ADEME
Implementation of the
EMEP new monitoring strategy in France
Nathalie Poisson - ADEME
with the collaboration of S. Bouallala (ADEME), P. Coddeville (EMD), P. Laj (LaMP/CNRS)

2. General structure of the EMEP new monitoring strategy
A “level” approach:
levels 1 and 2 = mandatory requirements
level 3 = a voluntary component

3. General structure of the EMEP new monitoring strategy
A “level” approach:
levels 1 and 2 = mandatory requirements
level 3 = a voluntary component
Recommendations for each level:
a suggested number of sites
a list of parameters
a minimum time resolution
a reference methodology

4. General structure of the EMEP new monitoring strategy
The French “official” EMEP network (MERA)
coordinated by the ADEME (Agency for Environment and Energy Management)
in place of the Ministry of Environment
standard methodologies and adequate quality assurance procedures
Collaborations with other programmes and researchers

5. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Number of monitoring sites for France:
suggested by EMEP
inorganic compounds = 8
Ozone = 8
heavy metals (prec) = 4
PM (mass) = 4 
A large country
a lot of stations suggested

6. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Number of monitoring sites for France:
suggested by EMEP
inorganic compounds = = 9 (+1)
Ozone = 8
heavy metals (prec) = 4
PM (mass) = 4
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

7. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Number of monitoring sites for France:
suggested by EMEP
inorganic compounds = = 9 (+1)
Ozone = = 8 (+1)
heavy metals (prec) = 4
PM (mass) = 4
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

8. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Number of monitoring sites for France:
suggested by EMEP
inorganic compounds = = 9 (+1)
Ozone = = 8 (+1)
heavy metals (prec) = = 1
PM (mass) = 4
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

9. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Number of monitoring sites for France:
suggested by EMEP
inorganic compounds = = 9 (+1)
Ozone = = 8 (+1)
heavy metals (prec) = = 1
PM (mass) = = 0
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

10. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring requirements:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h

11. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring requirements:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h
X 8
X 4
technical and financial difficulties

12. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring actual situation:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h

13. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring needs:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h

14. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring needs:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h 
AbSO2 replaced by Filter packs
2 stations equiped in 2004
measurement of (NH3+NH4+)
twice a week frequency

15. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring needs:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h 
Should be implemented in 2005 in 2 stations

16. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring needs:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h
Not the main issue in France, low levels
Technical and cost difficulties
1 station with a 2 weeks time resolution 

17. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 1 sites
Monitoring needs:
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 1 (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4-, NO3-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- (cond)
24h
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4-, NO3-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, HCl, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Gas particle ratios
NH3, NH4+, HCl, HNO3, NO3-
monthly
NO2 in air
NO2
Ozone in air O3 1h
Meteorology
RR, T,dd,ff,rh, pr
HMs in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Daily/weekly
PM mass in air
PM2.5, PM10
1h/24h
PM = 1st priority … but:
gravimetric method: difficult + expensive
need of NRT data (PM obs & forecasts on
monitors 

18. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
Number of monitoring “super-sites” for France:
suggested by EMEP
acid and eutro = 1
photooxidant = 1
heavy metals = 1
POP = 1
Particulate matter = 1

19. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
Number of monitoring “super-sites” for France:
suggested by EMEP
acid and eutro = 1
photooxidant = = 3
heavy metals = 1
POP = 1
Particulate matter = 1
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

20. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
Number of monitoring “super-sites” for France:
suggested by EMEP
acid and eutro = 1
photooxidant = = 3
heavy metals = = 1
POP = 1
Particulate matter = 1
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

21. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
Number of monitoring “super-sites” for France:
suggested by EMEP
acid and eutro = = 0
photooxidant = = 3
heavy metals = = 1
POP = = 0
Particulate matter = = 0
actual number
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

22. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites Monitoring requirements
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 2: acidification and eutrophication “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
gas particle ratio
NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3
1h/24h
Ammonia in emission areas
NH3
monthly
Core sites level 2: photochemical oxidants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
NOx
NO, NO2 1h
Light hydrocarbons
C2-C7
1h/twice a week
carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones
8 hourly twice a week
Core sites level 2: Heavy metals “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Mercury in precipitation Hg
weekly
Mercury in air
1h/daily
HMs in air
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Monitoring requirements
Core sites level 2; Persistant organic pollutants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
POPs in precip.
PAH, PCB, HCB, chlordane, a-HCH, DDT/DDE
weekly
POPs in air
daily/weekly
Core sites level 2; Particulate matter “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Major inorganics in both PM2.5 and PM10
SO4, NO3, NH4, Na, K, Ca, Mg (Cl)
1h/daily
Mineral dust in PM10 Si
Daily/weekly
Elemental and organic carbon
EC, OC

23. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites Monitoring actual situation
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 2: acidification and eutrophication “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
gas particle ratio
NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3
1h/24h
Ammonia in emission areas
NH3
monthly
Core sites level 2: photochemical oxidants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
NOx
NO, NO2 1h
Light hydrocarbons
C2-C7
1h/twice a week
carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones
8 hourly twice a week
Core sites level 2: Heavy metals “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Mercury in precipitation Hg
weekly
Mercury in air
1h/daily
HMs in air
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Monitoring actual situation
Core sites level 2; Persistant organic pollutants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
POPs in precip.
PAH, PCB, HCB, chlordane, a-HCH, DDT/DDE
weekly
POPs in air
daily/weekly
Core sites level 2; Particulate matter “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Major inorganics in both PM2.5 and PM10
SO4, NO3, NH4, Na, K, Ca, Mg (Cl)
1h/daily
Mineral dust in PM10 Si
Daily/weekly
Elemental and organic carbon
EC, OC

24. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 2: acidification and eutrophication “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
gas particle ratio
NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3
1h/24h
Ammonia in emission areas
NH3
monthly
Core sites level 2: photochemical oxidants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
NOx
NO, NO2 1h
Light hydrocarbons
C2-C7
1h/twice a week
carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones
8 hourly twice a week
Core sites level 2: Heavy metals “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Mercury in precipitation Hg
weekly
Mercury in air
1h/daily
HMs in air
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Monitoring needs
Core sites level 2: Persistant organic pollutants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
POPs in precip.
PAH, PCB, HCB, chlordane, a-HCH, DDT/DDE
weekly
POPs in air
daily/weekly
Core sites level 2: Particulate matter “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Major inorganics in both PM2.5 and PM10
SO4, NO3, NH4, Na, K, Ca, Mg (Cl)
1h/daily
Mineral dust in PM10 Si
Daily/weekly
Elemental and organic carbon
EC, OC

25. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 2: acidification and eutrophication “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
gas particle ratio
NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3
1h/24h
Ammonia in emission areas
NH3
monthly
Core sites level 2: photochemical oxidants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
NOx
NO, NO2 1h
Light hydrocarbons
C2-C7
1h/twice a week
carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones
8 hourly twice a week
Core sites level 2: Heavy metals “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Mercury in precipitation Hg
weekly
Mercury in air
1h/daily
HMs in air
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri) 
Monitoring needs
will be implemented in 2005
Core sites level 2: Persistant organic pollutants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
POPs in precip.
PAH, PCB, HCB, chlordane, a-HCH, DDT/DDE
weekly
POPs in air
daily/weekly
Core sites level 2: Particulate matter “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Major inorganics in both PM2.5 and PM10
SO4, NO3, NH4, Na, K, Ca, Mg (Cl)
1h/daily
Mineral dust in PM10 Si
Daily/weekly
Elemental and organic carbon
EC, OC

26. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 2: acidification and eutrophication “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
gas particle ratio
NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3
1h/24h
Ammonia in emission areas
NH3
monthly
Core sites level 2: photochemical oxidants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
NOx
NO, NO2 1h
Light hydrocarbons
C2-C7
1h/twice a week
carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones
8 hourly twice a week
Core sites level 2: Heavy metals “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Mercury in precipitation Hg
weekly
Mercury in air
1h/daily
HMs in air
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri) 
denuder-filterpack tested:
difficult to apply
expensive
Monitoring needs
Core sites level 2: Persistant organic pollutants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
POPs in precip.
PAH, PCB, HCB, chlordane, a-HCH, DDT/DDE
weekly
POPs in air
daily/weekly
Core sites level 2: Particulate matter “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Major inorganics in both PM2.5 and PM10
SO4, NO3, NH4, Na, K, Ca, Mg (Cl)
1h/daily
Mineral dust in PM10 Si
Daily/weekly
Elemental and organic carbon
EC, OC

27. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 2 sites
PROGRAMME
PARAMETERS
time resolution
Core sites level 2: acidification and eutrophication “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
gas particle ratio
NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3
1h/24h
Ammonia in emission areas
NH3
monthly
Core sites level 2: photochemical oxidants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
NOx
NO, NO2 1h
Light hydrocarbons
C2-C7
1h/twice a week
carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones
8 hourly twice a week
Core sites level 2: Heavy metals “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Mercury in precipitation Hg
weekly
Mercury in air
1h/daily
HMs in air
Cd, Pb (1st pri.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd pri)
Monitoring needs
technical and financial difficulties 
Core sites level 2: Persistant organic pollutants “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
POPs in precip.
PAH, PCB, HCB, chlordane, a-HCH, DDT/DDE
weekly
POPs in air
daily/weekly
Core sites level 2: Particulate matter “super-site” (in addition to level 1)
Major inorganics in both PM2.5 and PM10
SO4, NO3, NH4, Na, K, Ca, Mg (Cl)
1h/daily
Mineral dust in PM10 Si
Daily/weekly
Elemental and organic carbon
EC, OC

28. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 3 sites
Parameters suggested to be monitored:
dry deposition flux of S and N species
dry deposition flux of O3
hydrocarbons C6-C (C6-C9)
NOy chemistry
speciation of OC
BC measurements
particle size/number distribution
aerosol optical depth
vertical profiles of O3 and aerosols
Hg speciation
congener-specific POPs
multi-compartment POPs and Hg

29. The EMEP ”level” approach: level 3 sites
Parameters already measured in French EMEP stations:
dry deposition flux of S and N species
dry deposition flux of O3
hydrocarbons C6-C (C6-C9)
NOy chemistry
speciation of OC
BC measurements
particle size/number distribution
aerosol optical depth
vertical profiles of O3 and aerosols
Hg speciation
congener-specific POPs
multi-compartment POPs and Hg
IRATY
(1 300 m)
MONTANDON
(836 m)
DONON
(775 m)
REVIN
(390 m)
LA HAGUE
(133 m)
PEYRUSSE VIEILLE
(236 m)
MONFRANC
(810 m)
MORVAN
(620 m)
LE CASSET
(1 750 m)
LA TARDIERE
(143 m)

30. General structure of the EMEP new monitoring strategy
The EMEP new strategy for France is extremely ambitious (many sites and super-sites)
The French “official” EMEP network (MERA)
a lot is already done or will be done in a near future
impossible to meet all the requirements (too much human and financial ressources)
Collaborations with other programmes and researchers

31. General structure of the EMEP new monitoring strategy
The EMEP new strategy for France is extremely ambitious (many sites and super-sites)
The French “official” EMEP network (MERA)
a lot is already done or will be done in a near future
impossible to meet all the requirements (too much human and financial ressources)
Collaborations with other programmes and researchers

32. Collaborations with other programmes and researchers
PAES research programme (CNRS/ADEME)
dry deposition flux of S and N species
dry deposition flux of O3
hydrocarbons C6-C (C6-C9)
NOy chemistry
speciation of OC
BC measurements
particle size/number distribution
aerosol optical depth
vertical profiles of O3 and aerosols
Hg speciation
congener-specific POPs
multi-compartment POPs and Hg
+ O3, PM mass, meteo
PIC DU MIDI
(2877m)
DONON
(775 m)
PUYS DE DOME
(1465m)
PAES

33. Collaborations with other programmes and researchers
French contributions to international programmes
GAW
OSPAR
...
GAW
OSPAR