1. Chapter 8: Greek Civilization
Lesson 3: Alexander’s Empire

2. Philip II of Macedonia 300s B.C. Macedonians conquered Greece
Conquering Greece:
Macedonians:
Farmers
Raised sheep and horses
Grew crops In their river valleys
Superpower under Philip II
Philip admired greek culture and military skill
Became king in 359 B.C.
Created a strong army
Wanted to unite Greek City-states
Raised strong army to fight the greeks who were weak at the time

3. defeated some, bribed some, and some volunteered
Demosthenes was an Athenian who opposed Philip
Lawyer and great public speaker
Warned people about Philip
Called everyone to join against him
City-states tried to unite but it was too late.
Athens join Thebes and some others but could not stop invasion
338 B.C. Greeks and Macedonians fought one last major battle.
Battle of Chaeronea

4. Alexander Takes over Philip was killed and some Alexander became king
20 yrs old when became king
Admired for bravery and military skill
War with Persia:
334 B.C. led 40,000 soldiers into Asia Minor
Goal= defeat the Persians
Cavalry was strong
Battle at Granicus: cavalry crushed the Persians, marched into Asia Minor and free Greek city-states from Persian rule

5. Nov. 333 B.C. alexander fought the Persians at Issus in Syria.
Darius III was forced to flee from Issus
Alexanders troops moved south along the Mediterranean coast
331 B.C. they conquered Egypt and Mesopotamia
Built a new city called Alexandria
Center of business and trade
Squash Darius’s army at Gaugamela near the Tigris and Euphrates
After Alexander’s army take over Persian Empire
327 B.C. marched into NW India
Soldiers fought until they grew tired and refused to continue fighting any farther.
Crossed a desert in southern Iran
Heat and thirst killed many men

6. 323 B.C. Alexander returned to Babylon
Died at 32 yrs old after suffering from wounds and worn out by fever
Known for not fearing anything and riding into battle ahead of his soldiers
Armies extended the Greek culture- spread greek language, ideas, art, and architecture
Beginning of the Hellenistic Era meaning “like the Greeks”
A Divided Empire:
Alexander’s dream of creating one great empire did not last
Generals divided the empire into four separate kingdoms
Macedonia
Pergamum
Egypt
Seleucid

7. The Hellenistic Kings
Government officials in the Hellenistic Kings had to speak Greek
Kings preferred to give jobs to greeks and macedonians
100 B.C. Alexandria was the largest city In the Mediterranean world
Had two harbors, towering lighthouse, and library of alexandria with the largest collection of writings
Kings created new cities and military posts
Encouraged greeks and Macedonians to settle in conquered lands

8. Alexander the Great’s Empire

9. Chapter 8: Greek Civilization
Lesson 4: Hellenistic Culture

10. Hellenistic Arts
Alexandria’s library contained more than 500,000 scrolls
Reputation for learning allowed for its growth
Today 4 million people live and work there
Buildings and Statues:
Greek Architects played an important role
Hellenistic Kings wanted this city to be like athens
Lots of moneyyyyyyy was spent on these
Sculptors were hired – proved to be just as good as those in the Greek Golden age
Sculpted people in Real form

12. Hellenistic Writers
Large amounts of Literature was developed during the hellenistic Era
Argonautica:
Poem
Written by Appolonius
Story of jason and his band of heroes- they sail the seas to find the ram with a golden fleece.
Modern version called Jason and the Argonauts
Theocritus: write poems about beauty and nature
Athens remain the center for Greek theater
Writers of plays produced comedies not tragedies
Known as Greek New Comedy
Hellentistic Era not poke fun at Leaders – instead wrote about ordinary people

13. Menander: best known play writer
Influenced development of European comedy during renaissance
Lived from 343 B.C. to 291 B.C. and most important poet of Greek New Comedy
Thinkers and Scientists:
Athens continue to support Greek Philosophers
Two most important Hellenistic philosophers was Epicurus and Zeno
Who was Epicurus?
Founded Epicureanism
Finding happiness was the goal of life
Avoid pain
Epicurean means the love of physical pleasure
For him happiness was spending time with friends
No worries and lived life simply

14. The Stoics
Phoenician thinker named Zeno developed Philosophy called Stoicism
Zeno taught in a building called the “painted porch”
Greek word for porch is stoa
Stoics claimed people guided by emotions lived unhappy lives.
Happiness resulted from using reason
Word stoic describes someone who seems not affected by joy or sadness
Stoics thought people had a duty to serve their community.
Science and Mathematics:
Used simple instruments but performed many experiments and developed new theories
Aristarchus:
Claimed the sun to be the center of the universe

15. Other astronomers rejected his ideas
Earth circled the sun
Other astronomers rejected his ideas
Eratosthenes: chief Librarian at the library at Alexandria
Concluded Earth was Round
Used his knowledge to measure Earth’s Circumference
Measured the shadows of two sticks on the ground to calculate the curve of the Earth’s Surface.
Tried figuring out distance around earth
Within 185 miles of actual distance
Tried estimating distance to the sun and the. Moon
Not accurate but did say the sun was larger than the moon

16. Euclid: taught his theories of Geometry
Elements: describes plane geometry
Plane geometry: a branch of mathematics centered around measurement and relationships of points, lines, angles, and surfaces of figures on a plane
Demonstration of how points, lines, angles, and surfaces relate
Asked by Ptolemy how to learn geometry faster and was responded with there isnt.
Archimedes:
Most famous hellenistic scientist
Solid geometry: a branch of mathematics about measurement and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional space
Spheres and cylinders
Value of pi
Developed machinery and weapons of war.
Built catapults for king of syracuse
Helped with defense against the romans in 212 B.C.

17. Hypatia: mathematician that lived in alexandria
Around a.D. 700
Kept Greek tradition of study
Use of reason over superstition
Greece and Rome:
Four kingdoms of Alexander’s empire share culture
Always fought
Macedonia could not keep control for long
Some city-states free themselves but with no strong army did not last long
Rome was a city-state in Central Italy
Conquered the italian peninsula in the late 200s B.c.
Greece fear their control
Tried to stop them but failed and Rome took control of Greek mainland.