1. The effect of Anxiety on Eyewitness Testimony
L.O:
To know the outline of 2 studies into the effect of anxiety on EWT.
To understand what they show.
To be able to compare them by methodology

2. 1. Loftus and Palmer 1974 35 participants 45 participants

3. 2. Loftus and Palmer 1974 how did they retrieve ps responses
Questionnaire
Interview
Video feedback

4. 3. Loftus and Palmer 1974 what was the ‘critical question’ about?
The stop sign
The speed of the car
The barn

5. 4. Loftus and Palmer 1974 fastest estimate
Approx 61 mph
Approx 51 mph
Approx 41 mph

6. 5. Loftus and Palmer 1974 slowest estimate
Approx 10 mph
Approx 20 mph
Approx 30 mph

7. 6. Loftus and Palmer 1974 type of experiment
lab
field
natural

8. 7. Loftus 1975 what was the control group asked?
How fast was the white sports car going when it was travelling along the country road?
How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the stop sign whilst travelling along the country road?
How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn whilst travelling along the country road?

9. 8. Loftus 1975 what was the experimental group asked?
How fast was the white sports car going when it was travelling along the country road?
How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the stop sign whilst travelling along the country road?
How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn whilst travelling along the country road?

10. 9. Loftus 1975 % in the experimental group who reported seeing a barn?
14%
18%
17%

11. 10. Loftus 1975 type of experiment
lab
field
natural

12. What role does Anxiety play in EWT?
ZIAms
AYI

13. Do you think anxiety would improve or impair recall?

14. Contradictory Evidence!
Johnson and Scott (77) The Weapon Effect
Christianson and Hubinette (1993) Real Life Robberies
Read the studies and identify the features.

15. Anxiety: Anxiety leads to decreased accuracy... Loftus
Lab experiment
More anxiety=less accurate recall
Anxiety leads to increased accuracy...
Christianson and Hubinette (1993)
110 people, 22 real bank robberies!
Greatest anxiety=most detailed recall.

16. Explain the solution to the contradiction

17. AO3 Discussions/Evaluation
Loftus Weapon Effect Lab Experiment
Christianson and Hubinette Natural Experiment

18. Anxiety and EWT: Comparing the two studies...
Loftus’ Weapon Effect
Christianson and Hubinette (1993)
Ecological validity
Ethics
Consequentiality

19. Outline and Evaluate research into how anxiety can influence the accuracy of EWT (16 Marks)
AO1- Johnson and Scott 1977 (Weapon Effect) AO1- Christian and Hubinette 1993 (real-life robberies)
Aim: Aim:
Procedure Procedure
Findings Findings
Conclusions Conclusions
AO3 P E L
Ecological Validity
Which is higher in the two studies and why?
Why is this an issue?
On the other hand, high ecological validity can lead to low internal validity. Explain why.
Consequentiality
Which is more likely to fall foul to this issue and which is not?
What are the real life implications of an issue such as this when getting testimony from witnesses?
Ethics
Which is the most unethical and why?

20. Picking out of a line up... Pick the bomber...
BM8&feature=related

21. 1. EWT stands for… Everyone’s worst testimony Ear witness testimony
Eye witness testimony

22. 2. A major researcher in this area is…
Annabel Loftus
Elizabeth Loftus
Eleanor Loftus

23. 5. Loftus (1975) found out that…
Participant’s recollections of a car crash were influenced by the wording of subsequent questions
Participant’s recollections of a bank robbery were influenced by the wording of subsequent questions
Participant’s recollections of a car crash were influenced by the wording of pre-experimental questions

24. 6. The variables of the Loftus(1975) were as follows…
IV The different verb used for the question ‘How fast was the car going?’
DV-reported speed
IV- The different verb used for the question ‘How fast was the car going?’
DV-whether they said ‘yes’ to-’was there any broken glass?’
IV- Reported speed
DV-The different verb used for the question ‘How fast was the car going?’ reported speed

25. 7. The variables of the Loftus & Palmer study (1974) were as follows…
IV The different verb used for the question ‘How fast was the car going?’
DV-reported speed
IV- The different verb used for the question ‘How fast was the car going?’
DV-whether they said ‘yes’ to-’was there any broken glass?’
IV- Reported speed
DV-The different verb used for the question ‘How fast was the car going?’ reported speed

26. 8. How may a weapon affect EWT…
Make it less reliable due to anxiety
Make it less reliable due to distraction of the weapon
Both of the above

27. 1. Which of these is not a factor that would affect EWT…
Questions given by the investigator
The actions of the people involved in the event
The eye witnesses previous experiences and knoweldge

28. ‘Explain why a jury may not be totally confident in the evidence provided by eye witnesses of an event’ 12 Marks