1. Flexion–extension torques calculated for the elbow joint during walking, trotting and cantering.
Flexion–extension torques calculated for the elbow joint during walking, trotting and cantering. Data are normalized to the swing (–99 to 0%) and stance (1 to 100%) phases of each stride. EMG activation patterns for two flexor and two extensor muscles that actuate this joint (BIC, BRAC, TRILAT and TRILONG) are shown in the panels below. Note that all of the muscles shown in Fig. 6, except LDE, also actuate the elbow. Standard deviations are indicated by the shaded areas.
Simon M. Harrison et al. J Exp Biol 2012;215:
© 2012.