1. Energy Alternatives CDAE-06 Renewable Intro Gary Flomenhoft

3. WORLD
ENERGY
Fossil Fuel: 75.9%
Nuclear: 5.7%
Renewable: 18.4%

4. Net Energy

7. DIRECT-GAIN Large south facing windows that let in the sunlight.
Thermal mass is used to absorb the radiation.
At night the absorbed heat is radiated back into the living space.

8. Collectors-Flat Plate

9. Collectors-Evacuated tube

10. Installation

11. Solar-thermal power plants-tower

12. MEADI BOILER

13. Solar trough-Barstow

18. A picture of an typical silicon PV cell
Photoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                      
A picture of an typical silicon PV cell
Now a short video:

19. CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS This is the process of creating an ingot.
A small single silicon rod (seed) is placed in an inert gas at high temps.
When the seed is rotated up and out silicon adheres to it to form an ingot.

20. CELLS -> MODULES
Wafers 5 inches square and .012 inches thick are sliced from the ingot.
They are then processed into cells and soldered together to achieve the desired voltage.
Cells arrayed in series are called modules.

21. MANUFACTURERS Sharp Electronics Corporation Sanyo bp Solar Shell
Sunwise
Uni-Solar
AstroPower

22. POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS
“Energy of the Future”

23. Thin Film History Developed in 1980
Applied to calculators, watches and other portable low-watt appliances
Expanded to larger appliances as efficiency rate increased

24. Cost by Brand Unisolar 21 watt= $153.00 Shell 20 watt= $198.00
Isofoton 165 watt= $650.00
-research shows that on average thin cell costs $5 per watt

25. Solar Building Strategies PV system design Dec. 1, 2003
CDAE 170
Solar Building Strategies
PV system design Dec. 1, 2003
Gary Flomenhoft
BSME, MAPP, CEE
Research Associate
Gund Institute, SNR

26. Biomass: In Vermont
VT Energy Consumption Sources
Nuclear 36%
System 14%
Hydro Quebec 35%
Oil 2%
Gas 1%
Other Renewable 5%
Small Hydro 7%
Since 1984, Vermont has met all increase in energy demands(a total of 125 Mw) by renewable in-state sources:
-40 Mw Small Hydro
-73 Mw McNeil/Rygate (Biomass Plants)
-6 Mw Searsburg Wind Farm
EPA Landfill
Incentive Program

27. Kinds of Biomass- traditional
Trees- Wood has been used as a source of energy throughout human history and today the most commonly used form or biomass. Today there are still many people in third world countries using it to provide heat and energy. There are also ‘purpose grown’ tree farms which are specifically grown to produce wood for energy in larger developed countries.

28. More traditional Biomass types
Straw is used similarly too wood, it is burned and used to make heat and energy
Animal Dung- Poop is often used as a source of heat and energy

29. More non-traditional Biomass
Landfill gas- The gas emitted from landfills is very rich in methane, it is collected and used to generate power in small scale power plants.

30. Gasohol
Ethanol Alcohol generated by fermenting sugar cane or corn is combined with gas and used to power cars…mmm…tasty gasohol.

31. Biodiesel Biodiesel is made from: vegetable oil alcohol (20-30%)
sodium/potassium
hydroxide (2-3%)

38. Total: 6740MW in 2004

40. Installed wind energy generating capacity now totals 6,374 MW, and is expected to generate about 16.7 billion kWh of electricity in However, that is still less than 1% of U.S. electricity generation. By contrast, the total amount of electricity that could potentially be generated from wind in the United States has been estimated at 10,777 billion kWh annually—three times the electricity generated in the U.S. today.

42. Pros of the Project •Replaces 113 million tons of oil per year
• “Zero-emissions”
•Boost to Cape Cod’s economy
-600-1,000 new jobs for Cape Codders
•Does not require land
•May help with navigation and rescue

44. The Alliance’s Simulation from Cotuit

45. HYDRO 1/10 of electricity, US. 20% World electricity
With the increase in development of other forms of electric power generation, hydropower's percentage has slowly declined and today provides around 10% of the United States' electricity.
But current Dams account for 19% of electricity generated worldwide, and 24 countries generate more than 90 percent of their power from dams. There are 45,000 large dams in the world, most built in the 1970s. China and India contain half the world's dams.

46. Large Hydro-systems Largest:
Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy
Hoover dam- (1300 MW)
Grand Coulee (6480 MW
Largest:
Venezuela (10 GW)
Itaipu-Brazil (12.6 GW
China GW (2009)
Largest human project china

47. Three Gorges Dam Over one mile long 575 feet tall.
25-75 billion dollars.
20 years of construction  
18,600 MW
Completion in 2009
One of these is to be the largest every build, the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China. It’s reservoir created; here will stretch for over 350 miles up river and the facility will be able to produce over 18 million kilowatts.

48. Small Hydro-systems DOE 100kw – 30mw Industries, towns Thailand (9mw)
Winooski (5MW)
Essex (7MW)
Could power several industries or a small town

49. Micro-hydro system DOE 0-100 kw Farm, home, village
Increasing in #’s Today

50. Impoundment Type or “Run-of-the-River w/o impoundment

51. Diversion Type
Same type used for micro- hydro

52. Diversion (Brazil)

53. Turbines: Reaction or Impulse
Head (vertical Drop) Flow GPM Pressure PSI

54. Turbines: Reaction or Impulse
Head (vertical Drop) Flow GPM Pressure PSI

55. Reaction-type Turbine-Propellor
Low-head situations (high flow/ low PSI)
Water flow through entire housing High water Pressure upon exiting

56. Reaction-type Turbine-Kaplan
Low-head situations (high flow/ low PSI)
Water flow through entire housing High water Pressure upon exiting

57. Inside of Micro Turbine
4 inch diameter impulse turbine
Creates 200 watts of power
Cost $1440
About half the average households needs Includes alternator

58. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

59. Ocean Energy

60. Energy from the moon
Tides generated by the combination of the moon and sun’s gravitational forces
Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun combine forces
Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide
In order to be practical for energy production, the height difference needs to be at least 5 meters
Only 40 sites around the world of this magnitude
Overall potential of 3000 gigawatts from movement of tides

61. How it works First generation, barrage-style tidal power plants
Works by building Barrage to contain water after high tide, then water has to pass through a turbine to return to low tide
Sites in France (La Rance), Canada (Annapolis), and Russia
Future sites possibly on Severn River in England, San Francisco bay, Passamaquoddy

62. Second-generation tidal power plants
Barrage not need, limiting total costs
Two types- vertical axis and horizontal axis
Davis Hydro turbine….. Successfully tested in St. Lawrence Seaway
Harness the energy of tidal streams
More efficient because they allow for energy production on both the ebbing and surging tides
One site has potential to equal the generating power of 3 nuclear power plants

63. Wave Power

64. World Wave Power Resources
World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the "potential exploitable wave energy" resources worldwide to be 2 TW. For European waters the resource was estimated to be able to cover more than 50% of the total power consumption.
The wave market is estimated at $32 billion in the United Kingdom and $800 billion worldwide.
The United States has exhibited weak effort compared to overseas projects in Norway, Denmark, Japan and the United Kingdom.
As of 1995, 685 kilowatts (kW) of grid-connected wave generating capacity was operating worldwide. This capacity comes from eight demonstration plants ranging in size from 350 kW to 20 kW.
Until recently the commercial use of wave power has been limited to small systems of tens to hundreds of watts aboard generate power

65. Oscillating Water Columns
The Nearshore OWC rests directly on the seabed and is designed to operate in the near-shore environment in a nominal mean water depth of 15m.
Nearshore OWC units also act like artificial reefs, improving environments for fishing while calming the water for a harbor.
OWC designs typically require high maintenance, costly, taut moorings or foundations for operation while only using the extreme upper strata of an ocean site for energy conversion. While focusing devices are less susceptible to storm damage, massive structuring renders them most costly among wave power plant types.
Since 1965, Japan has installed hundreds of OWC-powered navigational buoys and is currently operating two small demonstration OWC power plants. China constructed a 3 kW OWC and India has a 150 kW OWC caisson breakwater device.
A 75 kW shore-based demonstration plant by Queens University, Belfast, using the OWC process described above has operated on the Scottish island of Islay for 10 years

66. Floating Devices
The Salter Duck, Clam, Archimedes wave swing, and other floating wave energy devices generate electricity through the harmonic motion of the floating part of the device. In these systems, the devices rise and fall according to the motion of the wave and electricity is generated through their motion.
The Salter Duck is able to produce energy very efficiently, however its development was stalled during the 1980s due to a miscalculation in the cost of energy production by a factor of 10 and it has only been in recent years when the technology was reassessed and the error identified.

67. Tapered Channel Wave Power
These shoreline systems consist of a tapered channel which feeds into a reservoir constructed on a cliff. The narrowing of the channel causes the waves to increase their amplitude (wave height) as they move towards the cliff face which eventually spills over the walls of the channel and into the reservoir which is positioned several meters above mean sea level. The kinetic energy of the moving wave is converted into potential energy as the water is stored in the reservoir. The water then passes through hydroelectric turbines on the way back to sea level thus generating electricity.

68. Geothermal Energy: Natural heat energy produced by the Earth
Geo (Earth) Thermal (Heat)

69. Tectonic Plates
Plates are in constant motion (several centimeters/yr).
When collision or grinding occurs, it can create mountains, volcanoes, geysers and earthquakes.
Near the junctions of these plates are where heat travels rapidly from interior.

70. Layers of the Earth
Heat flows outward from the center as a result of radioactive decay.
The crust (about 30 and 60 km thick), insulates us from the interior heat
A solid inner core followed by liquid outer core, with the mantle by semi-molten
Temp at base of crust about o C, increasing slowly into the core.
Hot spots located 2 to 3 km form the surface

71. Types of Geothermal Energy
Dry Steam Systems
Wet Steam Systems
Binary Cycle Systems

72. Dry Steam Systems
Uses direct steam that shoots up through a well and rock catcher, directly into the turbine.
Dry steam fields are rare.
Water boils underground and generates steam at temps of 165oC and pressure of about 100 psi. Most conventional fossil-fuel power plants run at 550o C and 1000 psi.
Dry steam field of The Geysers were discovered in 1847 by a hunter looking for grizzly bear. At first, he thought he had discovered the gates of hell. Used for therapeutic hot springs and later for electric power in 1920.

73. Wet Steam Systems (AKA Flash Steam)
Pulls high pressure hot water into low pressure cool water tanks, resulting in “flash steam” used to power turbines.
Geothermal wells tap wet steam fields deep in the earth’s surface.
Taking a look at Yellowstone’s Old Faithful,” allows us to see the principles behind periodic geysers.
Temperatures in a wet steam system can reach up to 370o C with boiling.

74. Binary Cycle
High temperature water brought from geothermal reservoirs, is passed through heat exchanger, containing pipe w/ secondary fluids (Iso-butane) with a lower boiling point.
The resulting flash steam power turbines, creating an electrical current.
The geothermal water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir.

75. Geothermal Heat Pumps
A geothermal heat pump system consists of pipes buried in the shallow ground near the building, a heat exchanger, and ductwork into the building. In winter, heat from the relatively warmer ground goes through the heat exchanger into the house.
In summer, hot air from the house is pulled through the heat exchanger into the relatively cooler ground. Heat removed during the summer can be used as no-cost energy to heat water.

76. Seasonal GHP’s

77. Geysers
Water at bottom of container is under great pressure and will not boil until temperature is above 100oC
When boiling begins, a great amount of pressure is released, causing the water to boil rapidly.
Steam-driven water, under great pressure, rushes up to the neck, and sprays steam into the air

78. Direct Use
Hot water near the earth’s surface can be pumped directly to ground-level facilities.
This hot water can be used to heat buildings, grow plants in a green house, heat water for fish farms, and pasteurize milk.
Much like hot water floor heating in a house, this mass amount of hot water can be pumped under road to keep them from freezing.