1. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague
10-4

2. The Decline of Church Power
In the 14th Century the church began losing political power
THE FIGHT
Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France
Philip taxes French clergy to earn money
Boniface says:
Clergy can’t pay taxes without his permission
The pope reigns supreme over Church and state
Philip disagrees and sends to troops to pick up Boniface and puts him on trial
Pope escapes and dies a month later
Philip rigs the election of the new pope, Clement V (French)
Clement moves to Avignon, where the popes will live NICELY for 69 years.

3. The Great Schism and Its Aftermath
Pope Gregory XI moves the pope back to Rome and soon dies
People of Rome say “elect an Italian, or die”.
Cardinals elect an Italian, Pope Urban VI—not an awesome choice
Five months later a group of French cardinals say the election of Urban was invalid and then pick a French pope, Clement VII
French Pope goes back to Avignon, Urban stays in Rome
There are now TWO POPES! Thus the schism

4. Solution to the Schism 3 Pope Problem 1. French Pope—Clement VII
2. Italian Pope—Urban VI
3. Pope chosen by a council to solve the problem
Solution
All three forced to resign
Holy Roman Emperor helps the Church choose just ONE pope—Martin V

5. The Aftermath of the Schism
Schism lasts for 39 years ( )
Europe is now divided:
France and its allies supported the pope in Avignon
England and its allies supported the pope in Rome
The Church is weakened
Each pope called the other the Antichrist
People’s faith in the pope and church was shaken
People like John Wycliffe are challenging the wealth and authority of the clergy—believe the Bible is the true ruler
No chance at supremacy over the state
Lost spiritual authority

6. The Black Death
The most devastating natural disaster in European history
Spread by black rats
Originally brought by merchants returning fromKaffa
Followed trade routes
Spread extremely fast
As many as 38 of 75 million died in Europe

7. Social and Economic Consequences of the Plague
Many thought the Plague was sent by God or Satan
Church was criticized for failed prayers
Socially:
Decrease in Population
Led to Anti-Semitism
Prominent in Germany
Many Jews fled to Poland
Economically:
Trade declined
Shortage of workers increased price of labor
Lowered demand for food, therefore price of food

8. The Hundred Years War
It originated over the duchy of Gascony—a piece of land in France, held by England.
France seized the land, England declared war.
Began with knightly enthusiasm but was won by peasants
Turning point in warfare—meet the longbow:
* Greater Striking Power *Longer Range *More Rapid Speed

9. The Longbow Destroys
English archers destroyed French cavalry using the longbow
Battle of Crecy—English beat an army three times larger
Battle of Poiters
Battle of Agincourt
Ends chivalric warfare
Gone are the days of mounted knights in heavy armor

10. Joan of Arc
According to a treaty, upon the death of the French king Charles VI, the French thrown was to go to Henry V
French peasant woman, Joan of Arc comes to the rescue
Super religious
Thinks the saints want her to free France
She inspires the French army and together they capture Orleans
Upon victory, the crown goes to Charles son, Charles VII—specifically because of Joan
She is captured, tried for witchcraft, and burned at the stake—Charles does nothing to help

11. Political Recovery The 15th century brought about the “new monarchies”
France:
Left poor from the Hundred Years War
French monarchy’s prestige and power increased
King Louis XI strengthened the taille (property tax)
This money gave him the power to re-establish the monarchy
England:
Civil conflict broke out—War of the Roses
Nobles tried to control the thrown but Henry Tudor (Henry VII) established the Tudor Dynasty
He strengthened the central govt.
He abolished nobles’ private armies
Won support by not overtaxing the people

12. Political Recovery Spain:
Christian monarchs won Spain back from the Muslims
Two major Spanish kingdoms united with the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand
Both were devout Catholics:
Expelled all Jews from Spain
Muslims were “encouraged”to convert to Catholicism—eventually expelled from Spain
To be Spanish was to be Catholic

13. Political Recovery Holy Roman Empire
Didn’t develop strong monarchal figure.
Germany became the land of hundreds of states
Eastern Europe struggled to unify their states
Russia eventually threw off the power of the Mongols and established a new Russian state under the direction of Ivan III.

14. End of the Middle Ages Religious Devotion Fades
Big Picture
Hundred Years’ War is considered the end of the Middle Ages—with the decline of religious devotion and chivalry
Age of Faith died
The Great Schism hurt faith and authority
Scandal in the Church
Couldn’t pray away the Plague
Religious Devotion Fades
Style of warfare changed
Longbow redefines warfare
The Age of Chivalry died
End of the Middle Ages