1. Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear ≠ Nucluar

2. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes
Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus
Protons and neutrons are rearranged
Releases a tremendous amount of energy– called binding energy
“Normal” Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons

3. Types of Radiation Beta (β) – an electron
Alpha (ά) – a helium isotope
Beta (β) – an electron
Gamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle

4. Penetrating Ability

5. Other Types of Particles
Neutron
Proton
Elements will correspond to their bottom number/number of protons
Eg:

6. 212Po decays by alpha emission
212Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212Po.
4He 2 4a or
alpha particle -
212Po He + AX 84 2 Z
212 = 4 + A
A = 208
84 = 2 + Z
Z = 82
212Po He + 208Pb 84 2 82
23.1

7. Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
Beta decay
14C N + 0b 6 7 -1
Decrease # of neutrons by 1
40K Ca + 0b 19 20 -1
Increase # of protons by 1
23.2

8. Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
55Fe + 0e Mn + n 26 25 -1
Increase # of neutrons by 1
1p + 0e n + n 1 -1
Decrease # of protons by 1
Alpha decay
Decrease # of neutrons by 2
212Po He + 208Pb 84 2 82
Decrease # of protons by 2

9. Learning Check
What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron?
10B He ? n

10. Learning Check
What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron?
10B He N n

11. Write Nuclear Equations!
Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60.
60Co 0e + ?? ?

12. Half-Life
HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose.

13. Half-Life
Decay of 20.0 mg of 15O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?

14. Sample question
How much U-238 is left over if a 100 gram sample undergoes 8 half lives?

15. Learning Check!
The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours?

16. Last learning check
What fraction of an unknown mass of Iodine, which has a half life of 8 hours, would you expect to be left after 72 hours?

17. Nuclear Fission
Larger and unstable nuclei being bombarded with particles and breaking into smaller nuclei and releasing energy at the same time.

18. Mass Defect Some of the mass can be converted into energy
Shown by a very famous equation!
E=mc2
Energy
Mass
Speed of light

19. Nuclear Fusion
Fusion
Small nuclei combine to make larger nuclei and release TONS of energy
2H H He n + Energy

20. Nuclear Fusion
Fusion
Excessive heat can not be contained
Attempts at “cold” fusion have FAILED.
“Hot” fusion is difficult to contain

21. Summarize what you’ve learned