1. Monday – October 6th, 2014 Weekends Agenda Notes – 8-3 Worksheet
Plessy

2. Segregation and Discrimination
Chapter 08 Section 03
Segregation and Discrimination

3. Let’s…break it down!
Main Idea: African Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.
Why it matters now: Today, African Americans have the legacy of a century-long battle for civil rights.

4. Introduction to Reconstruction Legislation
13th Amendment – Ends Slavery
14th Amendment – Deals with Citizenship
15th Amendment – Deals with Voting
See Pages for specifics

5. African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
How did voting rights for African Americans change in the late 1800s?
African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
Voting Restrictions
For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks can vote
By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny equality
Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests
Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote
Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote
can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867
Jim Crow Laws
1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax, grandfather clause
Racial segregation laws separate races in private, public places
Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old minstrel song
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson—segregation legal in public places
Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal service

6. Plessy v. Ferguson
The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy -- who was seven-eighths Caucasian -- took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested. Was Louisiana's law mandating racial segregation on its trains an unconstitutional infringement on both the privileges and immunities and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment?

7. The Ruling: Separate but Equal
The court ruled that the Louisiana state law is within constitutional boundaries and upheld state-imposed racial segregation. The justices based their decision on the separate-but-equal doctrine, that separate facilities for blacks and whites satisfied the Fourteenth Amendment so long as they were equal. (The phrase, "separate but equal" was not part of the opinion.) Justice Brown conceded that the Fourteenth Amendment intended to establish absolute equality for the races before the law. But Brown noted that "in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races unsatisfactory to either." In short, segregation does not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination.

8. Significance http://www.historynow.org/04_2008/inter5.html
The court’s ruling in Plessy v Ferguson launched the era of Jim Crow in the United States -- legal segregation resulting in terrible inequalities for African Americans.
Above source for the 2 previous slides as well.

9. Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations
Name at least two “expectations” of African Americans at the end of the 1800s?
Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations
Opposing Discrimination
Racial etiquette—informal rules for black-white relations
enforce second-class status for blacks
Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support
W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone
Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor
campaigns for racial justice
Violence
African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched
more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892
Discrimination in the North
Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality
Are forced into segregated neighborhoods
Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers
Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent

10. Racial Etiquette Examples
Blacks and whites never shake hands
Blacks yield the sidewalk to a white person
Black men always remove their hat in the presence of a white person, even children
Blacks were expected to refer to white males in authority as “Boss” or “Cap’n”
Blacks were never referred to as Mr. or Mrs.
Black men were referred to as “Boy”, “Uncle”, or “Old Man” – regardless of age.
Black women were referred to as “Auntie” or “Girl
(examples taken from The Americans and Racial Etiquette by Ronald L.F. Davis, Ph. D.)

11. Discrimination in the West
How were Mexicans discriminated against in the West? Chinese?
Discrimination in the West
Mexican Workers
More Mexicans build railroads in Southwest than other ethnic groups
forced to work for less than other groups
Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industries
Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage:
system of slavery to work off debt to employer
1911, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional
Excluding the Chinese
Whites fear job competition, push Chinese to separate areas, schools
Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese Exclusion Act

12. Explain how this cartoon relates to debt peonage?

13. Did turn of the century advances improve the lives of Americans?
Essential Question:
Did turn of the century advances improve the lives of Americans?