1. POLITY
A polity is a state or one of its subordinate civil authorities, such as a province, county, municipality, city, or district

2. STATE
State is the most universal and most powerful social institutions
Wherever human beings have lived together we find organization and authority
It is a number of people associated politically, organised under and through some form of government, occupying a definite portion of the earth’s surface
The state exercises authority through laws enacted and enforced by the government

3. Government Government is public body/ macro level unit for the country
Government is the political organization of the state
Government is the administrative organ of any state
Government is the means by which policies and programmmes are implemented

4. State and Government Government is the instrument of the state
The government is an agent of state
It is the practical organization of the state through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and realised
The aims and purpose of the state is executed through government

5. Types of Government System
Aristocracy: Rule by one person
Monarchy: Rule by a King
Democracy: Rule by people

6. INDIA ….political overview
A thriving democracy
Parliament form of government
A federal structure: State, Central & UT
An independent and impartial judiciary
A vibrant media

7. Democracy
Democracy in its purest or most ideal form would be a society in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives
Greek word:
Demos: People
Kratos: Power
It as government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

8. Types of Democracy Direct Democracy:
People directly participates in policy making process
Representative Democracy:
People chose their representative by the election and that representative work on behalf of people/ citizen of that country

9. Decentralisation Centralization:
It is said to be a process where the concentration of decision making is in a few hands
Decision making power at top level
Deecntralisation:
Decentralization is a systematic delegation of
authority at all levels of management and in all
of the organization

10. Governance Governance is a act of governing
It is a process of policy making, decision making
It is related to the welfare of people
This process is administered by the government
“Governance must necessarily aim at an expansion of social opportunities and removal of poverty.
Governance must aim at securing justice, transparency and accountability, empowerment, employment and efficient delivery of services.

11. Defining and Unbundling ‘Governance’…..
The World Bank defines governance as:
The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to
manage society's problems and affairs
Governance: the traditions and institutions by which authority is exercised
This includes:
The process by which those in authority are selected and replaced (VOICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY; PARTIES, NETWORKS & MEDIATION)
The capacity of government to formulate and implement policies(GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY ; REGULATORY QUALITY)
The respect of citizens and state for institutions that govern interactions among them (RULE OF LAW, CONTROL OF CORRUPTION)

12. Role of Governance

13. Pillars of Democracy
Legislation: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parishad
Executive: Bureaucratic structure, execute the functions
Judiciary: Maintain law and order in society

14. Structure of Governance
In India we have democratic governing structure:
Union/Central Government
Rural and tribal
State Government
Local Self governance
Urban GP PS ZP GS
Munc. Corp
Ward Meetings
Ward
Munc. Coun.

15. Thank You