1. Independence and Nationalists Movements, 1789-1900

2. I. Latin America
The ideas of the Enlightenment and French Revolution eventually found their way to American colonies
Social classes divided Latin America
Peninsulares – people born in Spain, could hold high government positions
Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America, could achieve high positions in army
Above 2 groups controlled land, wealth, power in colonies
Mestizos – people of mixed European and Indian ancestry
Mulattos – people of mixed European and African ancestry
Enslaved Africans
Indians (Native Americans)

3. I. Continued…
Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government
Haiti
Originally a French colony called Saint-Dominigue
First Latin American territory to free itself
African slaves rose up in revolt
Toussaint L’Oeverture – led and freed all enslaved Africans
Was captured and jailed by the French
Haiti went on to declare its independence in 1804
Venezuela
Led by a Creole military leader, Simon Bolivar
Declared independence in 1811, but would not be completely free until 1821

4. I. Continued… Other Spanish colonies Mexico Brazil (Portuguese colony)
Bolivar teamed up with another Creole military leader, Jose de San Martin
Defeated Spanish in many battles – freed Panama, Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, Chile, Argentina
Mexico
Independence movement originally began by lower classes (mestizos, Indians), but opposed by upper classes (creoles)
Miguel Hidalgo – priest that called for peasant rebellion
By 1820, Creoles feared liberal changes in Spain, declared independence (1821) in order to prevent loss of land, wealth
Brazil (Portuguese colony)
Won independence with a bloodless revolution

5. I. Continued… LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
LATIN AMERICA PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

6. II. Nationalists Revolutions in Europe
While fighting between nations virtually stopped in early part of 1800s, internal fighting increased
Political belief systems clash
Conservative – called for more traditional government (monarchy)
Liberal – give more power to elected parliaments, only educated and landowners could vote
Radical – wanted to extend rights/vote to all people, believed in Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood
Nationalism takes hold
People’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share common culture and history
Nation-state – when a nation has its own independent government

7. II. Continued…
Throughout Europe, nationalism was challenging various political systems and created revolutionary movements
Greek Independence (1830)
Long controlled by the Ottomans
French, British, Russian forces helped Greece establish independence
Revolutions of 1830s
Many nations experience upheaval (Netherlands, Austria, Poland)
Most were put down by conservative-led military forces
1848 Revolutions
Throughout Europe, ethnic uprisings occurred (Ex: Hungary, Czechoslovakia)
These revolutions failed to unite, though, because of internal fighting between political factions

8. II. Continued… France (Part II, The Revolution Strikes Back)
France had been returned to a monarchy after Congress of Vienna
King Louis-Philippe ruled for 18 years, but became unpopular
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized power and continued liberal reforms of first revolution
Welcomed as a force for long-term change/prosperity