1. Late Medieval Europe

2. Early Medieval Europe
No real government
Wars
Little trade
1100s—life was better
Monarchies
Better farming methods
Trade

3. The Crusades Turning point
Holy wars between European Christians & Muslims who controlled Holy Land
9 Crusades

4. 1000s—Seljuk Turks took Holy Land
Jerusalem closed to Jews & Christians
1095—Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help

5. Pope Urban II called for 1st Crusade 1095
Asked for “volunteer army”

7. Reasons people went:
Knights-use skills & get loot
Peasants-escape
Pope promised immediate salvation
Adventure

8. Between 1096-1099--30,000 Crusaders left
1099—Christians attacked Jerusalem
Siege for 2 months & city fell to Christians
1st Crusade=a success!
Crusaders set up “Crusader states” in the Middle East & build castles

9. Siege at Jerusalem in 1099

13. 2nd Crusade
Seljuk Turks reclaiming Holy Land
Louis VII (France) & Conrad III (Holy Roman Empire) led armies
Failed to recapture Holy Land

14. Louis and Conrad on Crusade

15. 3rd Crusade
1187—Saladin (Muslim leader) controlled Holy Land
Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Philip Augustus (France), & Richard I (England) led armies
Frederick drowned on the way & Philip returned to France

16. Saladin

17. Richard negotiated truce
Saladin allowed Christian pilgrims into Jerusalem, but city remained under Muslim control

19. 1202-1204 Crusade-never made it to Holy Land
Crusaders looted Constantinople
1212—Children’s Crusade
1000s of peasant children headed to Jerusalem
They were poor & faithful-believed God would set Jerusalem free

20. Effects of Crusades
1.) Failed to get Holy Land
2.) Education & technology brought from east
3.) European cities wealthy from trade

21. Crusades brought Europe out of Dark Age
Population increased & towns increased
Venice, Pisa, & Genoa were Mediterranean trade cities
Flanders was city for cloth trade in N. Europe

22. Trade fairs Vendors charged “sales tax” to pay rent on land
Different towns used different currency
Banks=place to exchange currency

23. Craft Guilds
Rules on prices & wages
Prohibited competition
Protected buyer from poorly made goods
Apprentice-learn skill, not paid
Journeyman-works for master, paid
Master-created “masterpiece”

24. New Middle Class
Bankers
Merchants
Artisans
Didn’t farm; didn’t need land

25. Medieval Towns
Protected by walls; narrow streets
Church=largest building in town
Wooden buildings=FIRE!
NO sanitation
Disease spread easily
—The Black Plague “The Black Death”
Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in 2 yrs.

26. Education
Catholic Church controlled education
1150—non-Church based schools—Universities
Catholic Church DIDN’T LIKE TEACHING ANYTHING OTHER THAN THE BIBLE

27. The new universities taught many subjects
Grammar
Rhetoric
Logic
Geometry
Astronomy
Music

28. Scholasticism=blend of religion & reason
Writers start using vernacular—everyday languages
Church literature STILL Latin

29. Romanesque & Gothic Architecture

30. Romanesque
Thick walls
Small windows
Tapestries on walls
Curved arches

34. Gothic Large windows--lots of stained glass
Flying buttresses=thinner walls & more windows
Pointed arches
Spires--tall pointed towers

40. Hundred Years’ War
England vs. France over French throne
Causes go back to 1066 (William of Normandy) & 1152 (King Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine)
1328—French king Charles IV died with no heir
1.) King Edward III of England
Dead king’s grandson
2.) Philip of Valois
Dead king’s nephew

41. Battle of Crecy 1346
Battle of Agincourt 1415
English outnumbered, but had Longbow- tall as a man & penetrated armor at 300 yards
English win!!

43. French get “savior”—Joan of Arc (peasant girl)
Age 17-God told her to drive English out of France

45. 1429—Joan asked Charles—(French heir to throne)—to lead troops
Orleans—Joan wins!!!
Charles crowned King of France—Charles VII
France finally united!!!

46. 1430—Joan captured by her troops & sold to English
Sentenced as witch
Burned at the stake

48. England Civil war over English throne War of the Roses (1455-1485)
House of Lancaster--Red Rose
House of York--White Rose

49. Duke of York overthrew Lancasters
Became King Edward IV
1483 Edward dies leaving 12 year old son king
Edward’s uncle Richard=young king’s guardian
Richard took throne Richard III
Put Edward’s sons in the Tower of London to die

50. Richard III

51. 1485, Richard killed by Henry Tudor—(Lancaster family)
Became King Henry VII
Tudor dynasty ruled England until 1603

52. Henry VII

53. Spain Spain had 3 parts 1.) Portugal -- West 2.) Castile -- Center
3.) Aragon -- Mediterranean Coast
1469- Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile
The Inquisition--persecuted non-Catholics

54. Ferdinand and Isabella

55. The Weakening Church
Four events contributed to the weakening of the Catholic Church:
1.) Babylonian Captivity
2.) Great Schism
3.) Charging of fees for church services (indulgences)
4.) Princely lifestyles of the clergy

56. 1.) Babylonian Captivity
In 1305 a French archbishop elected pope
Moved papal court to France
Pope remained in France until 1377

57. 2.) Great Schism 1378 until 1417
Angry mob forced election of Italian Pope
This found invalid- reselected another Pope
Time where there were 2 Popes
Lay people question & lose respect for Church
Church forced 2 to resign & elected Martin V as pope--ending the Great Schism

58. 3.) Charging of Fees for Church Services
Clergy charged for services
Sold indulgences--paying for forgiveness
Simony—sold Church positions

59. 4.) Princely Lifestyles of the Clergy
Lavish clothing & jewelry
Clergy were supposed to be poor & virtuous

60. Two Reformers Two very important men became voices of reform
These two men did not want to get rid of the Catholic Church, but make it better and less corrupt
1.) John Wycliffe
2.) Jan Hus

61. John Wycliffe
Translated Bible into English--allowed lay people to read it
Only Clergy were supposed to read the word of God

62. John Wycliffe

63. Jan Hus 14th century Czech leader Taught indulgences were WRONG
1415- Church wanted Hus to defend his views at the Council of Constance
BURNED AT THE STAKE

64. Jan Hus