1. Topic Discussion By Alexandria Brown
Schizophrenia
Topic Discussion By Alexandria Brown

2. Overview What is Schizophrenia? Etiology Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosing Schizophrenia
Treatment Options
Treatment Guidelines
Monitoring Schizophrenia
Complications of Schizophrenia

3. What Is SCHITZOPHRENIA?
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is a spectrum of symptoms and traits.
Defined by Abnormalities concerning at least 2 of the following1:
Hallucinations1,3
Delusions1,3
Disorganized Thought Processes or Speech1,3
Disorganized or Abnormal Motor/Movement Behaviors1,3
Negative Symptoms1,3

4. Schizophrenia is Complicated
Commonly called a psychotic disorder that has multiple names and subcategories and spectrums
Spectrums1,2
Schizotypal (personality) Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Subtypes of Delusion1,2,3
Paranoid/Persecutory
Somatic
Erotomaniac/ Jealous
Grandiose
Mixed
Residual

5. ETIOLOGY
The etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood currently
Researchers have concluded that there are some significant Risk Factors:
Genetic Component1,5
Increased heritable risk for off-springs
Environmental Component
Season of Birth1,4
Traumatic Events1,4
Obstetrical Complications1,2,5,3

6. Pathophysiology Theorized but not fully known Theories include:
GABA4,5
Dopamine4,5
Glutamate receptors reduced activity4,5

7. Clinical Presentation
Depends on the type of Schizophrenia and the Individual
Presents itself as:
Hearing Voices or Visual Hallucinations1,5
Delusions1,5
Social Withdrawal1,5
Anxiety, Depression, OCD1,5
Lack of Awareness of Disease1,5
Substance Abuse5
Cognitive Symptoms5
Disorganized speech5

8. Diagnosis
Often times it can go undiagnosed which usually leads to negative consequences
Diagnosed through mental health services usually through psychiatry
Follow Guidelines using the DSM-51
Diagnoses subtype and deciphers between spectrums of schizophrenia1
Determines if meets at least 2 of the criteria of abnormalities1

9. https://dsm-psychiatryonline- org. ezproxy. rosalindfranklin
org.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/doi/full/ /appi.books dsm02

10. Treatment Options Non-Pharmacological5,6 Pharmacological5,6
Psychotherapy
Counseling
Group Sessions
Behavioral Health
Skills and Employment Services
ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
Pharmacological5,6
Long-Acting Injectable Anti-Psychotic Agents
Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Antipsychotics
Augmentation and Combination Therapy
Depends on the Phase of Treatment6
Acute Phase
Stabilization Phase
Stable Phase

11. Pharmacological Treatment5,6,7
Treatment Guideline
Type of Schizophrenia
Pharmacological Treatment5,6,7
Schizophrenia
First Generation:
Phenothiazines
Chlorpromazine mg/day
Fluphenazine mg/day
Mesoridazine mg/day
Perphenazine mg/day
Thioridazine mg/day
Trifluoperazine mg/day
Butyrophenone
Haloperidol mg/day
Others
Loxapine mg/day
Molindone mg/day
Thiothixene mg/day
Second Generation
Aripiprazole mg/day
Clozapine mg/day
Olanzapine mg/day
Quetiapine mg/day
Risperidone mg/day
Ziprasidone mg/day
Alternatives or for other Side Effects
Benzodiazepines
Lorazepam
Schizoaffective Disorder
Clozapine mg/day
Risperidone mg/day
Olanzapine mg/day
Quetiapine mg/day
Ziprasidone mg/day
Aripiprazole mg/day
Schizophreniform Disorder
Latuda

12. Monitoring Schizophrenia
Lipid Levels
Weight Gain
Metabolism
Cardiovascular Health
Symptoms and Side Effects6,7
Suicide1
Psychotic Episodes6,7

13. Complications induced from Schizophrenia
Obesity1,3,4
Drug Abuse1,3,4
Smoking/ Tobacco Use1,3,4
Anxiety Disorders1,3,4
Diabetes1,3,4
Metabolic Disorders1,3,4
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases1,3,4
Decreased Life Expectancy1,3,4

14. Sources
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library. American Psychiatric Association; doi: /appi.books dsm02
Cagliostro D. 5 Schizophrenia Subtypes. PsyCom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since Accessed November 30, 2018.
The National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. NIMH. Accessed November 30, 2018.
Fischer B, Buchanan R. Schizophrenia in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis - UpToDate. UpToDate. pathogenesis?search=schizophrenia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&displa y_rank=3#H Accessed November 30, 2018.
Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options. P T. 2014;39(9):
Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al. Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. 2010;(Second Edition):184.
Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. Accessed December 7, 2018.