1. Volume 27, Issue 20, Pages 3197-3201.e3 (October 2017)
Exocrine Gland-Secreting Peptide 1 Is a Key Chemosensory Signal Responsible for the Bruce Effect in Mice 
Tatsuya Hattori, Takuya Osakada, Takuto Masaoka, Rumi Ooyama, Nao Horio, Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa, Sachiko Haga- Yamanaka, Kazushige Touhara, Takefumi Kikusui 
Current Biology 
Volume 27, Issue 20, Pages e3 (October 2017)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1 Particular Combinations of Strains Induce the Bruce Effect
B6 females were mated with (A) BALB, (B) DBA, (C) B6, or (D) ICR males and exposed to one of these four strains of males. The chi-square test followed by Bonferroni-Holm correction revealed significant differences among the groups (differences between each column, ∗p < 0.05). Black bars indicate that the second-exposure male strain differed from the mating strain. White bars indicate that the mating and exposure males were the same strain. Shaded boxes, exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1)-secreting mice (ESP1+); white boxes, non-ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1−).
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3. Figure 2 The ESP1 Signal Is Sufficient to Cause the Bruce Effect
(A) Females were stimulated with ESP1 before mating with ICR males (ESP1−) or encountering B6 males (ESP1−).
(B) Females were stimulated with ESP1 before mating with ICR or B6 males (ESP1−) and encountering males of the same strain.
(C) Females were exposed to ESP1 or another vomeronasal activator (ESP4, ESP mix, or BALB urine) and then were mated with ICR males and exposed to B6 males. The chi-square test followed by Bonferroni-Holm correction revealed significant differences among the groups (differences between each column, ∗p < 0.05; a versus b, p < 0.05). Shaded boxes, ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1+); white boxes, non-ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1−). See also Figures S1A and S1B.
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4. Figure 3 The ESP1 Signal Causes the Bruce Effect via V2Rp5
V2Rp5 gene-targeted B6 females (−/−, V2Rp5 null; +/−, V2Rp5 heterozygote; +/+, V2Rp5 wild-type) were mated with BALB (ESP1+) or ICR (ESP1−) mice after stimulation with ESP1 and exposed to B6 males. The chi-square test followed by Bonferroni-Holm correction revealed significant differences among the groups (differences between each column are shown, a versus b, p < 0.05). Shaded boxes, ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1+); white boxes, non-ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1−). See also Figures S1A and S1B.
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5. Figure 4
ESP1 Inhibits Prolactin Surges, Leading to Pregnancy Failure in Recipient Pregnant Females
(A and B) When pre-stimulation with (A) Tris-HCl or (B) ESP1 was provided and females were mated with ICR (ESP1−) males, they were combinationally exposed to ESP1 or Tris-HCl during the day and/or night surge of PRL on day 2. The chi-square test followed by Bonferroni-Holm correction revealed significant differences between the groups (differences between each column, ∗p < 0.05; n.s., no significant difference between each column).
(C and D) Females were mated with ICR (ESP1−) males after stimulation with ESP1 or Tris-HCl. In day 2 during the day surge of PRL, they were exposed to (C) ESP1 or Tris-HCl or (D) soiled bedding from BALB (ESP1+) or B6 (ESP1−) mice. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc corrections revealed significant differences among the groups, stimulus combinations, (C, F[3, 50] = 18.34, p < 0.01; D, F[3, 42] = 8.24, p < 0.01; differences between each column, ∗∗p < 0.01; a versus b, p < 0.01). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Shaded boxes, ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1+); white boxes, non-ESP1-secreting mice (ESP1−). See also Figures S1A and S1C.
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