1. Gail E. Tompkins California State University, Fresno
Literacy in the Middle Grades Teaching Reading and Writing to Fourth to Eighth Graders, 2e Second Edition
Gail E. Tompkins
California State University, Fresno
Prepared by
Helen Hoffner
Holy Family University
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2. Guidelines for Teaching Writing
Chapter 9
1. Teach students how to use the writing process
2. Teach the 6 traits and writing genres
3. Read aloud great literature to serve as mentor texts
4. Provide daily opportunities for students to read literature and explore authors and genres

3. Guidelines for Teaching Writing
Chapter 9
Guidelines for Teaching Writing
5. Have students participate in writing workshop
6. Have students self-assess their writing using rubrics
7. Have students collect their writing in portfolios

4. Guidelines for Teaching Spelling
Chapter 9
1. Analyze the errors in students’ writing to provide appropriate spelling instruction based on their stage of development.
2. Teach students to use spelling strategies to spell unfamiliar words.
3. Involve students in daily authentic reading and writing activities.

5. Guidelines for Teaching Spelling
Chapter 9
4. Involve students in making words, word sorts, and other hands-on spelling activities.
5. Teach students to proofread their writing.
6. Consider spelling tests as only one part of a spelling program.

6. Stages of Spelling Development
Chapter 9
Stage 1: Emergent Spelling
Stage 2: Letter Name- Alphabetic Spelling
Stage 3: Within-Word Pattern Spelling
Stage 4: Syllables & Affixes Spelling
Stage 5: Derivational Relations Spelling

7. Stages of Spelling Development Stage 1: Emergent Spelling
Chapter 9
Stages of Spelling Development Stage 1: Emergent Spelling
Preschoolers and kindergartners learn these concepts:
The distinction between drawing & writing
How to make letters
The direction of writing on a page
Some letter-sound matches

8. Spellers are typically 5-to-7 year olds who learn these concepts:
Chapter 9
Stages of Spelling Development Stage 2: Letter Name-Alphabetic Spelling
Spellers are typically 5-to-7 year olds who learn these concepts:
The alphabetic principle
Consonant sounds
Short vowel sounds
Consonant blends and diagraphs

9. Stages of Spelling Development Stage 3: Within-Word Pattern Spelling
Chapter 9
Stages of Spelling Development Stage 3: Within-Word Pattern Spelling
Spellers are generally 7-to-9 year olds who learn these concepts:
Long-vowel spelling patterns
R-controlled vowels
More complex consonant patterns
Diphthongs and other less common vowel patterns

10. Stages of Spelling Development Stage 4: Syllables and Affixes Spelling
Chapter 9
Stages of Spelling Development Stage 4: Syllables and Affixes Spelling
Spellers are often 9-to-11 year olds who learn these concepts:
Inflectional endings
Rules for adding inflectional endings
Syllabication
Homophones

11. Spellers are generally 11– to-14 year olds who learn these concepts:
Chapter 9
Stages of Spelling Development Stage 5: Derivational Relations Spelling
Spellers are generally 11– to-14 year olds who learn these concepts:
Consonant alternations
Vowel alternations
Latin and Greek affixes and root words
Etymologies

12. Spelling Study Strategy
Chapter 9
1. Look at the word and say it to yourself.
2. Say each letter in the word to yourself.
3. Close your eyes and spell the word to yourself.
4. Write the word, and check that you spelled it correctly.
5. Write the word again and check that you spelled it correctly.