1. Kalburtjia, Demetrios P. Platisa and Andreas P. Mamolosa
Energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions in kiwi and citrus farms in Greece
Anastasios Mazisa, Vassilis D. Litskasa, George C. Menexesb, Kiriaki L.
Kalburtjia, Demetrios P. Platisa and Andreas P. Mamolosa
aSchool of Agriculture, Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
bSchool of Agriculture, Laboratory of Agronomy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

2. Energy consumption in agri-food chain
Globally, the agri-food chain:
consumes 30 % of the world’s available energy
more than 70 % consumed beyond the farm gate (after harvest).
More than 1/3 of the food we produce is lost or wasted, and with it about 38 % of the energy consumed in the agri-food chain.
Source: FAO - the role of energy in food security and climate (

3. Data from the EU
The energy for food production (field to fork): 26 % of the EU’s energy consumption.
(JRC, 2015)

4. For meat and dairy the agriculture step is overwhelming,
Shares of energy in the production stages is very different in different products:
For meat and dairy the agriculture step is overwhelming,
packaging plays an important role in the ‘bottled’ products (milk, oil, beer and mineral water).
In the field, farming practices determine to a large extent the amount of energy inputs used in crops.
Shares of energy embedded in a kilogram of each of the 17 products along the different production steps (JRC, 2015)

5. Εισαγωγή: Τρόποι Καλλιέργειας Greenhouse Gas Emissions -
Σκοπός της εργασίας
Greenhouse Gas Emissions -
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Fossil fuel, deforestation, land clearing for agriculture, and degradation of soils. 
Most N2O is produced after croplands are fertilized, when soil microbes convert some of the applied nitrogen from fertilizer and manure into N2O. 
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
GHGs
GHG emissions greatly affect the temperature of the Earth. Three key GHGs emissions under consideration are carbon dioxide(CO2), nitrous oxide(N2O) and methane(CH4). The GHG emissions are increasing in agriculture sector recently. About 14% of the global net CO2 emissions originating from the agricultural systems. We use carbon footprint as an indicator which express the total amount of GHGs emissions from the cultivation process.
Burning biomass to prepare fields
Ruminant livestock digest their food through enteric fermentation, which produces methane.
Methane
(CH4)
Rice grown in paddies, where bacteria break down biomass submerged in the fields.

6. Contribution of Agriculture to Global GHG Emissions
Εισαγωγή: Τρόποι Καλλιέργειας
Σκοπός της εργασίας
Contribution of Agriculture to Global GHG Emissions
Agriculture, which is a significant contributor to global GHG emissions, must do its share to minimize climate change

7. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for analyzing the environmental impacts and resources used throughout a product's life, from raw materials extraction to production, and extending through product use and disposal.
LCA can be used to compare alternative products, processes or services; compare alternative life cycles for a certain product or service; or identify the parts of a life cycle where the greatest improvements can be made (optimization process).
The goal: compare the full range of environmental effects assignable to products and services by quantifying all inputs and outputs of material flows, and then assessing how these material flows impact the environment
Energy and Greenhouse Gases

8. Aim of the study
The aim of this study was to determine the energy balance and GHG emissions in Kiwi and Citrus orchards, located in the area of Arta, Greece.

9. Study area The farms were located near the city of Arta, Greece
10 Citrus farms and 16 Kiwi farms

10. Energy inputs-outputs
Εισαγωγή: Τρόποι Καλλιέργειας
Energy inputs-outputs
Human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, fertilizers, biocides amounts.
Converted into energy values using the most recent energy coefficients taken from the literature.
Inputs
Unit of measurement: MJ ha-1 (or MJ kg-1)
Human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, fertilizers, biocides amounts and output yield values will be used to estimate the energy ratio. The physical quantities of inputs used will be converted into energy values using the most recent energy coefficients taken from the literature. The energy equivalent of an input is the energy required for production and transfer from primary production to the end user. The energy costs of labor will be estimated by taking into consideration the labor requirements of each practice. Its energy equivalent indicates the muscle power used in farm operations. Biocides and fertilizers energy equivalents include the energy inputs required for production, formulation, packaging and transportation. The energy sequestered in electricity and diesel fuel shows their heating value and the energy needed to make their energy available directly to the farmers. The total energy associated with tractors and farm machinery consists of the energy for production, repairs and maintenance and delivering to the farm. Energy related to machinery input will be reported in terms of MJ/kg. Total physical output includes product yield from the agroforestry system. Outputs were converted into energy unit using their corresponding coefficients from the literature or experimentally (Bomb Calorimeter)
Product yield.
Converted into energy unit using their corresponding coefficients from the literature or experimentally (Bomb Calorimeter).
Outputs

11. Εισαγωγή: Τρόποι Καλλιέργειας
Σκοπός της εργασίας
Carbon Footprint
Using the IPCC guidelines to convert inputs to emissions.
Unit of measurement: CO2 eq
Amount of produced CO2 eq: multiplying the input used rate (diesel fuel, chemical fertilizer, biocide, farmyard manure and electricity) by their corresponding emission coefficient from the literature.
The
The carbon dioxide equivalency for a gas is obtained by multiplying the mass and the GWP of the gas.
Cultivation process Carbon Footprint kg CO2 eq
Agricultural product Kg
Indicator =

12. Citrus energy balance Citrus energy inputs : 52217 (s.d. 4902) MJ/ha.
Energy intensity (Inputs/kg product) = 2.32 (s.d. 0.20) MJ/kg
Energy efficiency (outputs/inputs) = 0.83 (s.d. 0.07)

13. Kiwi energy balance Kiwi energy inputs : 48774 (s.d. 5010) MJ/ha.
Energy intensity (Inputs/kg product) = 2.39 (s.d. 0.48) MJ/kg
Energy efficiency (outputs/inputs) = 0.83 (s.d. 0.19)

14. Energy intensity (MJ/kg)
In studies on olive trees, vines and orchards in the Mediterranean, the reported values for EI range from for indigenous vine varieties to 59 MJ/kg for intensively managed olive groves (Genitsariotis et al., 2000; Litskas et al., 2011, 2013; Michos et al., 2018).
Kiwi and Citrus 2.39 and 2.32 MJ/ha.

15. GHG emissions

16. Conclusions
Similar energy inputs, intensity and efficiency in Citrus and Kiwi farms located in Arta, Greece.
The factors determining the energy inputs are: 1) irrigation, 2) fuel, 3) machinery, 4) fertilizers.
GHG emissions are considered low, relevant to values from the literature, but fuel and N2O emissions from soil were only accounted at this point.

17. Thank you!