1. Physics
Physics is the branch of science that encompasses the natural world, including the earth and all of the physical systems within, as well as the universe and the mechanisms that govern everything.
It is the fundamental science

2. The Kinetic Theory of Gases
A Gas is composed of particles usually molecules or atoms. Between the particles is empty space.
The particles are in constant random motion. They are moving in straight lines until they bounce off each other or the walls.
All collisions are perfectly elastic
Container

3. The Gas Laws 1. Boyle’s Law 2. Charles’ Law 3. Guy-Lussac Law
Describe HOW gases behave.
Can be predicted by the theory.
Amount of change can be calculated with mathematical equations.
1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’ Law
3. Guy-Lussac Law
4. Avogadro’s Hypothesis

4. Boyle’s Law At a constant temperature pressure and volume
are inversely related. P  1/V
1 atm
2 atm
2 Liters
4 Liters

5. Charles’ Law The volume of a gas is directly proportional
to the temperature if the pressure is held
constant V  T
600 K
300 K

6. Gay Lussac’s Law The temperature and the pressure of a gas are
directly related at constant volume. P  T
300 K
600 K

7. Avagadro’s Hypothesis
V is proportional to number of molecules at
constant T and P V  n

8. The Ideal Gas Equation P x V = n x R x T
Pressure times Volume equals the number of moles times the Ideal Gas Constant (R) times the temperature in Kelvin.
This time R does not depend on anything, it is really constant
R = (L atm)/(mol K)

9. The Average speed of an oxygen molecule is 1656 km/hr at 200C
The molecules don’t travel very far without hitting each other so they move in random directions.
Maxwell distribution of molecular speeds

10. Fundamental Forces

11. Michelson’s experiment

12. Gravitation Newton’s Law of Gravitation
All objects in the Universe were attracted to each other in the same way the apple was attracted to the Earth

13. Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
Consider an object of mass m near the Earth’s surface
Acceleration ag due to gravity
Since
Near the Earth’s surface

14. Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
Consider an object of mass m at a height h above the Earth’s surface
Acceleration ag due to gravity
ag will vary with altitude

15. Escape Speed
The escape speed is the speed needed for an object to soar off into space and not return
For the earth, vesc is about 11.2 km/s
(40200 Km/h)
Note, v is independent of the mass of the object
The escape speeds for various members of the solar system
Escape speed is one factor that determines a planet’s atmosphere

16. = 0 because the final v is zero
= 0 because the final r is infinity

17. 7.9 Km/s
11.2 Km/s

19. Black Hole video
Link to Black Holes video

21. Quiz