1. Human Impacts on Oceans

2. Alteration of Coastlines
Jetties, breakwaters
Courtesy of Mark Dell’Aquila

3. Coastlines 1982 Coastal Barrier Resource Act
CA: 1000 yds from water under Coastal Zone Mngmnt. Regulations

4. Plastics in Oceans
Have stable chemical structures therefore degrade very slowly
Float enticingly

5. Plastics Sea turtles mistake them for jellyfish
Birds get tangled in fishing lines
lose legs
Gill nets, six-packs garrote thousands

6. Anchor Damage Anchors cause significant damage on reefs
Conservation-oriented islands sink permenant mooring for boats to anchor to.

7. What Is Water Pollution?
Any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for desired uses

8. Point Sources
Discharged into the environment through pipes, sewers or ditches from specific factories

9. Non-point Sources
Land pollutants entering a body of water from large areas rather than a single point
Agricultural runoff
Mining wastes
All types of Urban runoff

10. Marine Contaminants

11. Sediment Pollution Largest pollutant by vol. in most parts of world
Erosion increases sedimentation
25 billion metric tons of topsoil has been lost

12. Kelp Beds at PV
Courtesy of Mark Dell’Aquila

13. Sewage
Pathogens
Sewer lines can break or leak releasing pathogens into groundwater

14. Testing for Unsafe Water
Water that is unsafe usually has many types of bacteria in it.
Instead of testing for all types, usually the common coliform bacteria is measured
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine

15. Dynamiting & Bleaching Reefs
Quick way to collect fish for parties
Smothers corals not immediately killed; chlorine kills ALL inverts & fish in area

16. Overfishing Fishing methods kill many non-target species
drift net/gill net
34% fish at risk
Biggest problems =
Europe (86% risk)
Asia (69% at risk)

17. Overfishing
North Atlantic’s most productive fishing grounds CLOSED!

18. Toxins & Oil Spills

19. The 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez spilled 10.9million barrels of crude oil into Prince William Sound
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine

20. Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine

22. Decimation of Wildlife
Pinnepeds
4000 dead
Salmon migration disrupted
Sea Birds
>30,000 dead

23. Monetary Loss Fishermen Local Villages
suffered huge economic loses as a result of the spill
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine

24. Clean Up Efforts
Exxon paid out over 10 BILLION dollars in settlements and clean up costs
Lead to Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Requires double-hulled tankers

25. Gulf War - 1991 Iran invaded Kuwait; US attacked
Protecting its oil supply
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine

26. Persian Gulf Oil Spill Worlds most massive oil spill
250 million gal. deliberately dumped into Persian Gulf
may take a century or more for area to recover

27. In the Gulf War, the US army burned 10% of Kuwait’s oil fields but made it appear as if the Iraqi’s did it to justify the war and occupation!!

28. 1969 Santa Barbara Spill 200,000 gal. leaked
Restrictions on oil platforms

29. Organic Compounds
Pesticides, oils, plastics, pharmaceuticals, pigments, detergents, cleaning solutions, and paints

30. Oil
Oil spills have occurred in most of the shipping lanes in the world (as of 1985)
Large effects on sea surface critters

31. Most synthetic. organic. compounds have. chemical. structures that
Most synthetic organic compounds have chemical structures that microrganisms cannot decompose
Persist in water
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine

32. Long Beach Oil Islands