1. Chap. 7 : Cellular Respiration
-- the making of ATP by breaking down organic compounds (mostly glucose)
Glycolysis
-- glucose splits into 2 pyruvic acids
-- occurs in the cytoplasm
-- requires 2 ATPs but produces 4 so net gain of 2 ATPs
-- also produces 2 NADH (high energy)molecules

2. The end result is 2 pyruvates, 2 H2O,2NADH, and 2 ATP

3. II. Fermentation – occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
II. Fermentation – occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). Done in cytoplasm
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
-- changing of pyruvic acid from glycolysis into lactic acid
-- does not produce ATP so no energy but produces NAD+ that is used to continue glycolysis
**** We can intentionally use to make things like yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut
**** Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing them to cramp,fatigue, and pain

4. 2. Alcoholic Fermentation – converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Accomplished by yeast – used to make beer and wine and if CO2 stays trapped then champagne.
In bread making the escaping of CO2 makes air bubbles, the alcohol evaporates while baking
*** Anaerobic respiration only produces enough energy for unicellular or small multicellular organisms to survive.

6. III. Aerobic Respiration – occurs when O2 is available for pyruvic acid after glycolysis
Occurs in cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in mitochondria of eukaryotes.
3 parts :
1.changing pyruvic acid into Acetyl CoA with the use of CoA enzyme. Makes 2 NADH
2. Krebs Cycle-p.138

8. The end result of Krebs Cycle – 1 glucose molecule makes :
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2 (everything doubled because it started with 2 pyruvic acids from glucose so goes through Krebs Cycle twice)
3. Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmosis) or oxidative phosphorylation-changing ADP into ATP by reducing NADH to NAD+ and FADH2 to FAD
IV. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
*** most important step for making energy (ATP) for cell.
--- occurs in cristae of mitochondria. ATP synthase molecules line membrane. Chemiosmosis (changing ADP into ATP) occurs here by proton concentration differences.

9. A. Overall Energy Output from Respiration
1 NADH = 3ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP + 2NADH
= 8 ATP total
making Acetyl CoA = 2 NADH
= 6 ATP
Krebs Cycle = 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP
= = 24
Total ATP from the splitting of one glucose molecule = 38 ATP