1. SEEDS

2. Ovule Structure chalaza raphe nucellus outer intergument
antipodal cells
polar nuclei
egg cell
synergid cell
chalaza
nucellus
outer intergument
inner intergument
embryo sac
micropyle
funiculus

3. Pollination and Fertilisation
pollen
pollen tube
antipodal cells
2 polar nuclei
egg cell
tube nucleus
2 male gametes
2 synergid cells

4. Double fertilization

5. hilum raphe Seed coat a. testa Endosperm b. tegmen funiculus aril
micropyle
Endosperm
seed without endosperm exalbuminous
(non-endospermous)
seed with endosperm albuminous
(endospermous)

6. 3. Perisperm - originates from nucellus tissue
4. Embryo a. cotyledon / scutellum (in monocot)
b. plumule
c. radicle
d. epicotyl
e. hypocotyl
f. coleoptyle (in monocot)
g. coleorrhiza (in monocot)
Types of seed germination: a. epigeal (in dicot)
b. hypogeal (in monocot)

7. Dicotyledonous seed (with endosperm)
caruncle
raphe
radicle
shoot apex
cotyledons
seed coat
endosperm
Dicotyledonous seed (with endosperm)

8. Rubber seeds
Castor oil seeds

9. Dicotyledonous seed (with endosperm)
seed coat
embryo
cotyledon
endosperm
shoot apex
radicle
Dicotyledonous seed (with endosperm)

10. Chilli
Chilli seeds

11. Dicotyledonous seed (without endosperm)
raphe
hilum
micropyle
cotyledon
seed coat
radicle
plumule
Dicotyledonous seed (without endosperm)

12. Bean seeds

13. Monocotyledonous seed (with endosperm)
pericarp and fused seed coat
endosperm
aleurone layer
caryopsis coat
scutellum (cotyledon)
coleoptile
first leaves
shoot apex
radicle
coleorhiza
Monocotyledonous seed (with endosperm)

14. Maize seed

15. Glumes
Paddy seed

16. Germination of dicotyledonous seed (epigeal)
Epicotyl

17. Germination of monocotyledonous seed (hypogeal)