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Classification and Taxonomy

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Presentation on theme: "Classification and Taxonomy"— Presentation transcript:

1 Classification and Taxonomy
copyright cmassengale

2 copyright cmassengale
Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale

3 What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their structural similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy. Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

4 Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names

5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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7 Early Taxonomists: Aristotle
2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided organisms by their habitat: land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

8 Early Taxonomists: John Ray
John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

9 Early Taxonomists: Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist, botanist, physician, and zoologist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

10 Early Taxonomists: Carolus Linnaeus
Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming things known as binomial nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature is a two-word name (Genus and species) copyright cmassengale

11 Standardized Naming “The Rules”
Binomial nomenclature uses Genus species Written Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize Genus, but NOT species Underline when handwritten Turdus migratorius American Robin

12 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

13 Why do we need rules for naming organisms and who oversees this?
This prevents duplication of names The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) copyright cmassengale

14 Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

15 Classification Groups
Domain: is the broadest of all taxa. This taxon contains one or more kingdoms. Kingdom: is composed of related phyla. Phylum: contains related classes. Also known as a division. copyright cmassengale

16 Classification Groups
Class: contains related orders. Order: contains related families. Family: contains similar or related genera. Genus: contains a defined group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor. Species: the most specific taxon. copyright cmassengale

17 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

18 copyright cmassengale

19 copyright cmassengale
Domains Kingdoms Examples Archae Archaebacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Eukarya Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia copyright cmassengale

20 copyright cmassengale
Domains Archae Kingdom: Archaebacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs extremophiles no peptidoglycan Bacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria prokaryotic has peptidoglycan aerobic or anaerobic copyright cmassengale

21 copyright cmassengale
Domains Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi multi/unicellular absorbs nutrients from organic materials from the environment Kingdom: Protista multi/unicellular or colonial no organs plantlike(algae), funguslike(mold/mildew), or animallike(amoeba) copyright cmassengale

22 copyright cmassengale
Domains Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae multicellular cell wall autotrophs tissues present Kingdom: Animalia no cell wall heterotrophs copyright cmassengale

23 copyright cmassengale
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

24 copyright cmassengale
Taxons Classification is based on evolutionary relationships (how they evolve similarly or differently). Phylogeny – a comparison of how organisms are related. (Phylogenetic Tree) A cladogram is another name for Phylogenetic Tree. copyright cmassengale

25 Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryonic development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

26 copyright cmassengale
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

27 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
copyright cmassengale

28 Phylogenetic Tree (Cladogram)
Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

29 copyright cmassengale
Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

30 copyright cmassengale
Dichotomous Key Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

31 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

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