1. Properties of Solutions
Chapter 11 Introduction presentation

2. 11.1 Solution Composition
See Notes for all equations and related information

3. 11.2 The energies of Solution FOrmation
A. Like Dissolves Like
Never forget this main rule of solution formation
Polar Solvent/Polar Solute
Ionic Solvent/Polar Solute
Non-Polar Solvent/Non-Polar Solute

4. Steps of Solution Formation
1. Breaking up the solute into individual components (Expanding the solute)
This is referred to as DH1
This is an endothermic process, so the enthalpy of this step is positive
2. Overcoming the intermolecular forces of the solvent to make room for the solute particles that will be entering the solution phase (Expansion of the solvent)
This is referred to as DH2
This should also be an endothermic process, so the enthalpy of this step is positive and typically it is very large and very positive because the solute is typically water with hydrogen bonds

5. Steps continued
3. Allowing the solute and solvent to interact to form a solution
This is referred to as DH3
Often this is exothermic and so the enthalpy of this step is negative
Typically the more attracted to each other the solute and solvent particles are, the more negative the value of this step will be

6. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution (hydration)
DHsoln = DH1 + DH2 + DH3
If the final value is a positive number, energy is absorbed during the process and its an endothermic process
If the final value is a negative number, energy is released during the process, and its an endothermic process
If the Enthalpy of solution is small or negative than its likely that your solution will form
If the Enthalpy of solution is large and positive, your solution is not forming
If its small and positive then we need to examine the component parts and check our solubility rules

7. 11.3 Factors A. Influence of Structure – See Notes
B. Pressure Effects – See Notes
C. Temperature Effects – See Notes