1. Mutations 1) Gene Mutations = change in pattern of DNA bases
2) Chromosome Mutations =
a) change in # of chromosomes
b) pieces of chromosomes missing
e) extra pieces of chromosome

2. Mutations Can be fatal….
Can be harmful = protein does not work or works poorly
Can be neutral = protein works or is not essential
Can be beneficial

3. Gene Mutation Types I. Point Mutations = 1 base changed
a) Substitutions = trading bases
(may not change amino acid)
b) Frameshift mutations = change all codons that follow the mutation
1) insertions = add 1 base
2) deletions = remove 1 base

4. Substitution – UUU  UUC

5. Gene Mutation Animation5

6. Frameshifts ∆ all following codons: ruin protein
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THF ATC ATA TET HER AT
THH EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA

7. Tandem repeats Entire sequence of DNA is repeated over and over
THE FAT FAT FAT FAT FAT

8. Faulty proteins
End too soon
Do not fold properly
Do not function

9. Causes of Mutation 1) Spontaneous = error in replication
2) Mutagens = chemicals, radiation
a) Carcinogens
b) U-V radiation