1. Warm-up, C. 20
Think back into your family history. What country did your relatives come from?

2. Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America

3. Section 1: The New Immigrants
“Old” immigrants came from northern and western Europe (Excluding slaves) prior to They were mostly Protestant
“New” immigrants: Greeks, Russians, Hungarians, Italians, Turks, and Poles were among the newcomers.
Many now were Catholic and Jewish. They did not blend into American society as well as you think they would.

4. Why Did They Come?
The “new” immigrants emigrated due to economic hardship.
In Italy and Hungary jobs were scarce
Farmers in Serbia and Croatia could not own enough land to support their families.
In some countries, govt’s passed laws again certain ethnic groups- minorities who spoke different languages and followed different customs than other people in their country.

5. Came on ships Conditions were poor
Steerage: Cramped quarters on a ship’s lower decks for passengers paying the lowest fares

7. Some entered the U.S.… At Ellis Island The Statue of Liberty is here
The statue was a gift from France

9. Arrival at Ellis Island

10. Ellis Island Deconstructed

11. Statue of Liberty Deconstructed

12. Detained at Ellis Island

13. The Immigrant Experience
Contrary to the rumors immigrants heard in their homeland, many struggled to find work once they reached America.
Many including women and children worked in sweatshops.
Many immigrants were forced to work 12 hour days, seven days a week.

15. The Immigrant Experience Ctd…
Many wanted to Assimilate, or become part of the American culture. At the same time, many wanted to preserve their own culture in a new country.
Many continued to speak their own language.
Children would speak only English in schools, then only their native language at home.
Women had more freedom in America than in their homelands. This was good, but at times caused family conflict.

16. The Immigrant Experience Ctd…
Many new immigrants were from rural communities. However, in America they could not afford land and had to live in the cities.
With little or no education they became unskilled laborers.
Many common ethnicities formed communities inside large cities Ex: Little Italy, Chinatown, etc…

17. Warm-up
Describe the difference between a rural population and an urban population.

18. Nativist Movement
Nativists opposed immigration because they felt that immigrants were taking their jobs, which were scarce in the first place.
They also felt since immigrants would work for lower pay, they were making it harder for regular Americans to earn proper wages
Many people blamed immigrants for increasing crime, unemployment, and other problems.

19. New Immigration Laws
Lawmakers responded to the anti-immigration feeling
In 1882, Congress passed the first law to limit immigration, The Chinese Exclusion Act, which denied Chinese access to the U.S. for ten years
Japan and the U.S reached the Gentleman's agreement, which restricted Japanese immigration in return for fair treatment of current Japanese in America

20. The Immigration Act of 1917 required a literacy requirement for immigrants entering the United States.

21. Why did the immigrants move to the cities instead of move to the country when they arrived in America?
End s.1

22. Section 2: Moving to the City
Immigrants played a huge role in City growth. In NYC, Detroit, and Chicago immigrants and their children made up more than 80% of the population in those cities.
Industrialization made farm work easier, and less workers were needed to work the farms
African Americans from the south moved to cities to avoid racism, persecution, and poverty. Many left the farms and moved North to work in industrial jobs

23. Growth of Cities
Trains made Chicago and Kansas City centers for raw materials and cattle.
Pittsburgh became a center for iron and steel.
New York and San Francisco became centers of trade due to their major seaports. They had many immigrant workers who would work for low wages

24. Living
Many immigrants lived in tenements, in which several families rented rooms in one house.
By the late 1800’s, these tenements became slums, because many were run down and in poor condition.
Many times there were more people than housing available.

25. Link to Tenements Pics.

26. Gilded Age

29. Living Ctd
Three, four, or more people lived in each room. One toilet and sink per building. There was usually only cold water.
In some of the bad tenements, children filled every space, door opening, window sill, just to find a space to sleep

30. Living Ctd
Middle class people lived comfortable in the growing suburb.
Suburbs started to become more common because of the increases in transportation allowed people to travel faster.
Suburbs usually had hot water, indoor toilets, and electricity by Wealthier people had servants to handle housework.

31. The Gilded Age
The Guilded Age was a topic of a Mark Twain novel that ended up describing this time period in American history. The name refers to something that is covered in a thin layer of gold.
America was divided between the extremely rich and the extremely poor. While the poor could barely afford food and shelter, there were rich people who blew their money at their own leisure.

32. Problems in Cities
The sudden growth in the cities provided major health problems
Garbage and horse manure covered the streets
Sewer systems were not big enough
Disease spread rapidly
Fire (Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed almost 18,000 buildings)

33. Name a few of the living conditions inside a tenement.

34. Problems in Cities Ctd
The poverty led to sections of the city with diseases. (whooping cough, diphtheria, or measles)
The poverty also led to crime. Many orphans resorted to picking pockets and other small crimes to get money for their next meal.
Gangs started to form

35. Solutions
YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) set up rec centers for children to play.
Settlement Houses provided medical care, playgrounds, nurseries, libraries, and English classes to people in poor neighborhoods. Ex. Hull House in Chicago (Founded by Jane Addams)

37. The Changing City
By the late 1800’s it was now possible to build taller buildings.
New iron and steel supports, along with the newly invented elevator, made it possible to build taller buildings.
A ten story office building in Chicago was the worlds largest skyscraper.
New York's Woolworth building was built in 1917, soared to 55 stories high.

38. City Life Large parks were developed. ex: Central Park in NYC.
The world’s fair was hosted by Chicago in 1892 and 1893, and architectures around the world were amazed at American design.
The same time, the fair allowed American architects to use foreign designs on new buildings.

39. Transportation
In 1867, streetcars were pulled by horses. Mark Twain complained that the city was too large to accomplish anything in one day . Horses were slow and left piles of manure.
In 1873 San Francisco developed cable car lines.
In 1888, Richmond, VA pioneered trolley cars, a motorized train powered by electricity.

41. Transportation
In 1897 Boston developed an underground railroad system (Subway)
In 1904 NYC began construction on its own subway, which would be the largest subway in the world.
Bridges were built as well to make it easier for travel (Brooklyn Bridge).
End s.2

42. Section 3: A Changing Culture
By % of all children between the ages of 5 and 17 were enrolled in elementary and high/jr. high schools.
1860: 100 Public high schools
1900: 6,000 Public high schools
1914: 12,000 Public high schools

43. Public Schools for African Americans
NONE

44. John Dewey
Criticized schools for putting too much importance on memorization
Said schools should relate to the learning interests of students
Smart cookie

45. Land Grant Colleges
The Morrill Act gave the states large amounts of federal land that could be sold to raise money for education.
States used these funds to establish colleges and Universities.
Some schools were named for their donors – Cornell (Ezra Cornell) and Stanford (Leland Stanford)

47. 1) Name two things that changed life in cities around 1900.

48. Women in College 1865 only a handful of schools admitted
By 1890 women could attend a wide range of schools
By 1910 almost 40 percent of college students were women

49. African Americans
The Hampton Institute in Virginia provided higher education for African Americans and Native Americans.
One man they educated was Booker T. Washington.
Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to train teachers and to provide practical education for African Americans .
Washington became famous for his efforts and was influential in business and politics.

50. Yellow Journalism
A type of writing that exaggerates sensational, dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers.
It was named for stories that were popular during the late 1800’s. However although interesting, these stories were often biased and sometimes false

51. Leisure Time
For fun, many Americans listened to jazz and ragtime music. Ragtime was related to jazz.
Orchestra’s became some of the world’s finest. Popular ones included Philadelphia, Boston, and the Metropolitan Opera House in NYC.

52. Ragtime Music

53. Vaudeville Shows with dancing, singing, comedy, and magic acts.

54. Name the top 7 countries “New Immigrants came from (100 Points
Greece
Russia
Italy
Hungary
Serbia
Poland
Turkey

55. Name the top 7 influential people in this chapter (200 Points)
Jacob Riis (Newspaper writer)
Jane Addams (Hull House)
John Dewey ( Leader in Education)
Booker T. Washington ( Set up African American Schools)
Mark Twain (Wrote about the Gilded Age)
Andrew Carnegie (Donated more than 30 million $$$ to the opening of public libraries)
William Randolph Hearst (Newspaper Writer)

56. Name the top 7 features of city life(300 Points)
Skyscrapers
Mass Transit (Subway)
Tenements
Slums
Settlement Houses
YMCA’s
Bridges (Brooklyn Bridge)

57. Top 7 Problems Immigrants faced In America (1,000,000,000,000)
Sweatshops
No Education
Low Pay
Steerage
Nativism (Nativist Movement)
Immigration Laws (Chinese Exclusion Act)
Women adapting to America