1. Warren Court

2. Brown v. Board of Education
“Separate but equal” was not constitutional.
Court ruled that schools must be desegregated “with all possible haste”.

3. Engel v. Vitale
Board of Education of New Hyde Park trying to force students to recite a prayer to open the school day.
Violated students rights and could not force students to say a prayer.

4. Miranda v. Arizona
Ernesto Miranda was arrested in Arizona and detained without being informed as to what charges were against him and why he was being held.
Court ruled that detainees rights must be informed and a suspected person must be told why they are being held.

5. Gideon v. Wainwright
52 year old drifter breaks into a pool hall with intent to burglarize.
Could not afford an attorney so asked Florida court to appoint one for him.
Judge refused, he appealed to the Supreme Court
Can not expect citizens to represent themselves, state must provide counsel.

6. Civil Rights

7. Brown vs Board Separate but Equal is inherently unequal.
Overturned Plessy vs Ferguson
Schools must be desegregated throughout US

8. Rosa Parks
Act of Civil disobedience helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Parks' act of defiance became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement

9. Lunch Counter Sit Ins
Non-violent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that eventually led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Newseum Clip

10. Little Rock Nine
Arkansas Governor denied entry to African-American students
President Eisenhower used the National Guard as force to protect student entry.

11. Freedom Riders
The Freedom Riders rode various forms of public transportation in the South to challenge local laws that enforced segregation.
The Freedom Rides, gave credibility to the American Civil Rights Movement and helped enforce desegregation of all transportation facilities.

12. “I have a Dream” Called for racial equality and an end to segregation
Was a defining moment of the civil rights movement
Speech pushed Kennedy to pass Civil rights legislation

13. Civil Rights Act 1964 Outlawed segregation in all public facilities
Passed due to many acts of non-violent protest

14. Voting Rights Act
Act outlawed literacy tests and other measures to prohibit African Americans from voting

15. King Assassinated
During the years of riots, King remained committed to nonviolence
In Memphis, Tennessee while supporting black sanitation workers, King was killed by an assassin (James Earl Ray)
King’s life continued to inspire all Americans to work for peaceful change

16. Malcolm X Born Malcolm Little in 1925- Omaha, Nebraska
Dropped out of high school- was a drug dealer and burglar- went out to become one of the most prominent black nationalist leaders in the US
While in prison, he adopted the Black Muslim faith and became a minister for the Nation of Islam when he was released in 1952
Changed his name to Malcolm X (he thought that “Little” symbolized a slave name and “X” symbolized his tribal name)
He was an advocate for black separatism who rejected MLK’s policy of non-violence
As a militant leader, Malcolm X advocated black pride economic self-reliance, and identity polictics.

17. 1964 he broke his ties with the Nation of Islam because of a scandal that broke out and he made a pilgrimage to Mecca- shared his thoughts and beliefs with different cultures and found overwhelming support that when he returned to the US he had a new outlook integration and hope for the future (became known as El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz)
At a speaking engagement in the Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965 three gunmen rushed Malcolm onstage. They shot him 15 times at close range. The 39-year-old was pronounced dead on arrival at New York's Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.
Malcolm's assassins, Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson were convicted of first-degree murder in March The three men were all members of the Nation of Islam.