1. Kinematic Dipole Anisotropy from COBE
After removal of kinematic dipole anisotropy

2. CMBR Kinematic Dipole Anisotropy (~300 km/s velocity toward Leo); map of the temperature fluctuation relative to the MEAN (black body with T=2.728 Kelvin)
COBE 1989
Don’t know where we are in the universe but we know how fast we’re going! CMBR is the COSMIC RESTFRAME

3. COBE map after removal of kinematic dipole anisotropy and the Galaxy; fluctuations relative to smooth black body are of order +/- 35 microKelvin
Smallest scale of fluctuations is 7 degrees (not in causal contact; “super-horizon sized”)

4. Around 2003

5. WMAP 3-year result
Red line is best model fit from which total mass density, total mass in “baryons” vs. dark matter, cosmological constant / “dark energy”, and Hubble’s constant can be determined.

9. ---------------------
t0 = / Gyr
zdec = /- 1
zeq = /- 150
H0 = 72 +/- 3 km/s/Mpc
Wb,0 = /
Wcdm,0 = /
WL0 = /
Wm0 = Wb,0 + Wcdm,0 = 0.26
Wm0 + WL0 = 1 (!!)
Cosmological Parameters from WMAP

10. Planck = higher sensitivity and higher angular resolution than WMAP
Planck map (2013)

12. --------------------- Wm0 = Wb,0 + Wcdm,0 = 0.315 +/- 0.007
t0 = / Gyr
zdec = /- 0.6
zeq = /- 66
H0 = 67 +/- 1 km/s/Mpc
Wb,0 = /
Wcdm,0 = /
WL0 = /- 0.02
Wm0 = Wb,0 + Wcdm,0 = /
Wm0 + WL0 = 1 (!!)
Ade et al. 2013
All values are ok within 2-sigma but not necessarily within 1-sigma. H0 came down, Lambda came down, and Omega matter went up; changes distances to objects at z=1 by 4% (makes them closer because of lower Lambda and lower H0)

13. Classical Hubble Diagram for Type Ia Supernovae; at z=1
Classical Hubble Diagram for Type Ia Supernovae; at z=1.0 the difference in expected magnitude for 3 wildly different cosmogonies is only about 0.5mag!!
Flat, Lambda-dominated
Open universe
Flat, matter-dom. universe

14. “Residual Hubble Diagram” from Knop et al (2003); universe with no mass and no cosmological constant / “dark energy” is a flat line for all redshifts

15. Search for z > 1 SNe carried out by Adam Riess et al
Search for z > 1 SNe carried out by Adam Riess et al. using HST; obtained 16 SNe, including 6 of the 7 highest-z SNe known

16. Riess et al. (2004); High-z supernovae from HST show universe decelerated in the past, transition happened at z ~ 0.5
“Jerk” is a purely kinematic model; the jerk is the derivative of the deceleration parameter, and deceleration parameter is the derivative of the Hubble parameter