1. City Management
Dr. Adnan A. Alshiha

2. Local Government: The Growing Challenges
Major expansion in the number and Varity of local government.
Overlapping boundaries
The forces of change produced demand to undertake more services.
Economic decline

3. Forces of Change A study conducted by:
International City Management Association (ICMA).
Title : The Essential Community : Local Government in year 2000.

4. Forces of Change Economic Change Demographic change Urban Change
Technological Change
Political Change
Ideological Change

5. Economic Change Higher energy Prices. Resource scarcity.
Slower Economic Growth.
Slower government growth.

6. Demographic change More retired people. Fewer school children.
Smaller household.
Independence of women.

7. Urban Change Population shift (development corridor).
Population movement from metro to rural region.
Decline in importance of central city.
Rise in importance of small commuinity

8. Technological Change Communication Changes (TV). Computers.
Automation.
High technology.

9. Political Change Increase service demand. Official Accountability.
Reduced central government spending.
Less central government intervention.

10. Ideological Change Increase conservatism.
Quality of life concerns transcend Community growth

11. Strategies to enhance community within the context of forces of change
Getting by modestly “doing more with less”.
Regulating the demand for goods and services. “What is enough": privatization), (Service charge).
Less dependence on central government.
Decentralizing government.
Altering the mix of government services

12. The legal Aspect of local government
Local governments are governed by law. Such as their form of government, their authority, standards, liability.
Form of government: Mayor-council (weak or strong), Council-manager, and Commission form.

13. Local ordinance and resolution
Ordinance: permanent rules or laws for the community.
Resolution: are not laws but ministerial act of a special or temporary nature.
The valid enactment of ordinance or resolution requires adherence to specific procedure found in the state statutes.

14. Metropolitan areas: problem and solution
Regional problem may lead to:
Inadequate local services or duplication of services.
Minimal intergovernmental cooperation.
Proliferation of local government
Poor land – use practice
Transportation and pollution problems

15. Special district
Independent special – purpose unit of government with their own governing bodies.
Include: Water supply, sewage, seaport, and planning.

16. Liability of local officials and government
Public officials can be sued.
Good intention may not be a defense.
Government can be sued.